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. 2018 Jun 22;8:9492. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27798-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Probing lines transversally-orientated to the strain using small tipped probes. (a) Zero-strain condition ① and electrical resistance. (b) Small strain condition ② before initial cracking. (c) Initial cracking leads to the appearance of long transversal cracking at higher strain condition ③. (d) High strain condition ④ leads to more cracking. (e) Zero-strain relaxed condition ① following the first strain-sweep and (f) n^th sweep strain condition ③ as in (c). The circled numbers refer to specific values of strain. The two probes contact areas are indicated by grey circles.