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. 2018 Jun 22;8:9503. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27898-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Source reconstruction of TFR effects (both experiments pooled together, N = 41). (A) Regions of significant power change with respect to baseline (both conditions) for theta, alpha and beta bands, at 900–1100 ms. The peak activity locations within these areas are marked (Θ1 to β3) within these images. (B) Ranking of the phoneme-expectation contrast at each peak according to t-statistic, for power averaged across 900–1100 ms. (C) Time-course of the whole trial for each phonological expectation condition, for the five sources showing the largest phoneme expectation effect. For visualization purposes, the standard error of the mean for each time-point is depicted as a shaded area around the main line. Vertical dashed lines within these plots indicate a discontinuity in the data shown: to the left, the data reflects the mean calculated using both experiments, to the right, only the data for experiment 2 remains, given that word onset latencies in experiment 1 were variable.