Figure 6.

Mean differences of B mtDNA haplogroup frequency between sexes per thermal environment. Plots depict frequencies differences (within generation males - within generation females) in starting generation (I) and final generation constant 25 °C (II), fluctuating warm (III), constant 19 °C (IV), and fluctuating cold (V) environments for descendants of flies treated by antibiotics (ATB; yellow squares, 7 replicates) and untreated (UTR; black circles, 8 replicates; in which Wolbachia and associated maternally transmitted microbiomes present). The error-bars are estimated as $\hat{\sigma }/\sqrt{N}$ where $\hat{\sigma }$ is the sample standard deviation and N the number of samples.