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. 2018 Jun 22;8:9568. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27907-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Acute tubular necrosis, apoptosis and oxidative stress. (A–D) Vacuolized necrotic tubular cells (red arrows), pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis (black arrows), and casts of tubular light chains were observed in IR groups. Stain: haematoxylin-eosin. (E–L) The ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) and IR + DEXA groups showed enhanced expression of caspase-3 and nitrotyrosine (arrows), compared with the SHAM and IR + GAL-1 groups. Counterstain: haematoxylin. Bars: 75 μm (A, C–L); 50 μm (B). (M) Semi-quantitative score of acute tubular necrosis. (N/O) Densitometric analysis of caspase-3 and nitrotyrosine expression (arbitrary units, a.u.). Data represent the mean ± SD, N = 6/group. ⁺p < 0.05, IR and IR + DEXA vs SHAM and IR + GAL-1. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01 vs SHAM. One-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test.