Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2018 Jun 22;8:9568. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27907-y

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Effect of GAL-1 treatment on cytokine release in the in vivo and in vitro IR models. (A–C) In vivo, the IR group exhibited elevated urine levels of (A) IL-1β, (B) MCP-1, and (C) TNF-α, while the DEXA and GAL-1-treated groups showed reduced IL-1β. (D) GAL-1 treatment induced elevated IL-10 levels in the urine compared to the levels in the untreated IR group. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (pg/mL) from the urine (N = 6/group). **p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.01 vs SHAM. ⁺p < 0.05 and ⁺⁺⁺p < 0.001 vs IR. (E–H) In vitro, supernatant levels of (E) IL-1β, (F) MCP-1, (G) IL-8, and (H) IL-10, under control, HR, HR treated with DEXA or GAL-1 (with or without β-galactose) conditions at 4, 8, 16 or 24 h. HR increased the IL-1β levels at 16 h; the MCP-1 levels at 4, 16 and 24 h; and the IL-8 levels at 8 and 16 h and reduced the IL-10 levels at 16 h. DEXA elevated IL-8 release at 4 h and reduced IL-1β at 4 h compared to the control. These alterations were reversed with GAL-1 or GAL-1 + β-galactose treatments. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD (pg/mL) from the HK-2 cell supernatants (N = 3/group). *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, vs control, one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test.