Table 3.
Comparisons of symptom occurrence 4 months before, during and 4 months after cryptosporidiosis and in the control group according to Cryptosporidium species
| Symptoms | Controls | Before illness | During illness | After illness | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| vs. controls | vs. before illness | vs. controls | vs. before illness | vs. controls | |||||||||||||||
| C. hominis | n (%) | n (%) | aOR | p | 95% CI | n (%) | aOR | p | 95% CI | aOR | p | 95% CI | n (%) | aOR | p | 95% CI | aOR | p | 95% CI |
| Dizziness | 106 (6) | 7 (8) | 2.93 | 0.022 | 1.17–7.37 | 22 (24) | 6.40 | 0.000 | 2.57–15.99 | 14.41 | 0.000 | 7.01–29.60 | 13 (14) | 2.48 | 0.073 | 0.92–6.69 | 6.04 | 0.000 | 2.77–13.19 |
| Headache | 359 (20) | 13 (14) | 0.64 | 0.184 | 0.32–1.24 | 31 (34) | 3.63 | 0.000 | 1.85–7.13 | 2.46 | 0.001 | 1.42–4.21 | 22 (24) | 2.06 | 0.027 | 1.09–3.90 | 1.35 | 0.308 | 0.76–2.41 |
| Joint pain | 516 (29) | 6 (7) | 0.71 | 0.457 | 0.28–1.76 | 13 (14) | 2.71 | 0.033 | 1.08–6.77 | 1.85 | 0.087 | 0.92–3.74 | 14 (15) | 3.01 | 0.018 | 1.21–7.50 | 2.00 | 0.049 | 1.00–3.99 |
| Fatigue | 51 (3) | 31 (34) | 1.63 | 0.054 | 0.99–2.69 | 67 (73) | 5.90 | 0.000 | 3.15–11.05 | 9.39 | 0.000 | 5.55–15.88 | 46 (50) | 2.07 | 0.004 | 1.27–3.38 | 3.28 | 0.000 | 2.04–5.29 |
| Weight loss | 60 (3) | 9 (10) | *4.95 | 0.000 | 2.03–12.10 | 54 (59) | 15.44 | 0.000 | 6.12–38.97 | 73.77 | 0.000 | 35.78–152.13 | 22 (24) | 3.03 | 0.005 | 1.39–6.62 | 12.68 | 0.000 | 6.13–26.24 |
| Diarrhoea | 242 (14) | 38 (41) | 97.59 | 0.000 | 38. 8–245.6 | 81 (88) | 11.81 | 0.000 | 5.47–25.47 | 2828.9 | 0.000 | 637.4–12,555.5 | 46 (50) | 1.45 | 0.158 | 0.87–2.44 | 111.83 | 0.000 | 47–266.07 |
| Loss of appetite | 432 (24) | 25 (27) | 2.23 | 0.004 | 1.29–3.86 | 76 (83) | 14.74 | 0.000 | 7.43–29.27 | 33.26 | 0.000 | 17.78–62.23 | 36 (39) | 1.77 | 0.026 | 1.07–2.95 | 4.41 | 0.000 | 2.63–7.42 |
| Abdominal pain | 225 (13) | 32 (35) | 1.64 | 0.053 | 0.99–2.71 | 73 (79) | 9.10 | 0.000 | 4.62–17.93 | 13.98 | 0.000 | 7.92–24.68 | 42 (46) | 1.68 | 0.076 | 0.95–2.97 | 2.75 | 0.000 | 1.70–4.46 |
| Eye pain | 110 (6) | 1 (1) | 0.27 | 0.203 | 0.04–2.03 | 7 (8) | 9.01 | 0.036 | 1.16–69.70 | *1.97 | 0.000 | 0.81–4.80 | 4 (4) | 4.57 | 0.223 | 0.4–52.56 | 1.10 | 0.869 | 0.37–3.29 |
| Vomiting | 66 (4) | 8 (9) | *2.52 | 0.023 | 1.13–5.63 | 30 (33) | 5.44 | 0.000 | 2.60–11.40 | 12.25 | 0.000 | 6.42–23.40 | 7 (8) | 0.86 | 0.765 | 0.33–2.28 | 1.60 | 0.315 | 0.64–4.04 |
| C. parvum | |||||||||||||||||||
| Dizziness | 106 (6) | 16 (7) | 1.33 | 0.402 | 0.69–2.56 | 58 (27) | 5.10 | 0.000 | 2.97–8.75 | 7.67 | 0.000 | 4.70–12.52 | 32 (15) | 2.25 | 0.001 | 1.39–3.66 | 3.09 | 0.000 | 1.78–5.36 |
| Headache | 359 (20) | 31 (14) | 0.51 | 0.005 | 0.32–0.81 | 75 (35) | 3.48 | 0.000 | 2.28–5.31 | 1.68 | 0.007 | 1.15–2.43 | 56 (26) | 2.19 | 0.000 | 1.54–3.13 | 1.11 | 0.613 | 0.75–1.65 |
| Joint pain | 516 (29) | 26 (12) | 0.75 | 0.265 | 0.45–1.25 | 50 (23) | 2.32 | 0.001 | 1.43–3.75 | 1.72 | 0.013 | 1.12–2.64 | 38 (18) | 1.60 | 0.023 | 1.07–2.39 | 1.19 | 0.454 | 0.75–1.88 |
| Fatigue | 51 (3) | 74 (34) | 1.21 | 0.296 | 0.85–1.71 | 172 (80) | 7.95 | 0.000 | 5.22–12.10 | 10.85 | 0.000 | 7.34–16.06 | 110 (51) | 2.03 | 0.000 | 1.51–2.70 | 2.60 | 0.000 | 1.86–3.65 |
| Weight loss | 60 (3) | 28 (13) | 5.14 | 0.000 | 2.78–9.49 | 142 (66) | 13.70 | 0.000 | 8.33–22.52 | 71.99 | 0.000 | 42.72–121.34 | 39 (18) | 1.49 | 0.095 | 0.93–2.38 | 7.80 | 0.000 | 4.38–13.87 |
| Diarrhoea | 242 (14) | 63 (29) | 25.22 | 0.000 | 13.86–45.9 | 188 (87) | 17.08 | 0.000 | 10.33–28.24 | 521.45 | 0.000 | 248.9–1092.5 | 83 (38) | 1.53 | 0.016 | 1.08–2.16 | 40.55 | 0.000 | 22.47–73.19 |
| Loss of appetite | 432 (24) | 48 (22) | 2.23 | 0.000 | 1.48–3.37 | 172 (80) | 17.89 | 0.000 | 10.09–28.86 | 38.26 | 0.000 | 24.24–60.39 | 55 (25) | 1.22 | 0.380 | 0.78–1.91 | 2.70 | 0.000 | 1.80–4.05 |
| Abdominal pain | 225 (13) | 65 (30) | 1.53 | 0.024 | 1.06–2.22 | 172 (80) | 10.43 | 0.000 | 6.67–16.30 | 18.05 | 0.000 | 11.83–27.53 | 76 (35) | 1.28 | 0.145 | 0.92–1.78 | 1.96 | 0.000 | 1.37–2.81 |
| Eye pain | 110 (6) | 10 (5) | 1.02 | 0.961 | 0.48–2.17 | 23 (11) | 2.68 | 0.011 | 1.25–5.76 | 2.38 | 0.003 | 1.34–4.25 | 15 (7) | 1.59 | 0.164 | 0.83–3.08 | 1.48 | 0.243 | 0.77–2.87 |
| Vomiting | 66 (4) | 17 (8) | 2.66 | 0.004 | 1.37–5.16 | 70 (32) | 5.93 | 0.000 | 3.31–10.66 | 16.66 | 0.000 | 10.08–27.54 | 14 (6) | 0.81 | 0.565 | 0.39–1.67 | 2.30 | 0.021 | 1.14–4.65 |
Number (n) of cases or controls and percentage of the total number of cases (C. hominis = 92 and C. parvum = 216) or controls (n = 1790) reporting each symptom. Odds ratios (aOR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) are adjusted for age, gender, study year and season
*No longer statistically significant when removing children under 5 years of age from the analysis: weight loss before C. hominis infection vs. controls OR 4.95 (95% CI 0.90–10.18, p = 0.073), vomiting before C. hominis infection vs. controls OR 2.83 (95% CI 0.90–8.89, p = 0.074), eye pain during C. hominis infection vs. controls OR 2.15 (95% CI 0.81–5.69, p = 0.125)