Table 2.
Mean values (±SE) of maximum larval, pupal and adult mass, duration of larval development (DD), pupal period, total food eaten (TFE), consumption index (CI), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and relative growth rate (RGR) of Gonioctena quinquepunctata feeding on leaves of Prunus padus or P. serotina, growing under stress from different sources of particulate matter pollution, as well as a summary of ANCOVA results. Initial larval mass (ILM) was used as a covariate to adjust for initial mass differences among insects. Levels not connected by the same letter are significantly different (Tukey’s HSD test for effect “Sp × PMs”). p values < 0.05 are in italics
| PM source variant | Larval mass (mg) | DD (day) | Pupal mass (mg) | Pupal period (day) | Adult mass (mg) | TFE (mg dry mass) | CI (g g−1 day −1) | ECI (g g−1100%) | RGR (g g−1 day −1) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prunus padus | Prunus serotina | Prunus padus | Prunus serotina | Prunus padus | Prunus serotina | Prunus padus | Prunus serotina | Prunus padus | Prunus serotina | Prunus padus | Prunus serotina | Prunus padus | Prunus serotina | Prunus padus | Prunus serotina | Prunus padus | Prunus serotina | ||
| Control | 15.14 (0.65) | 14.51 (1.00) | 10.2ab (0.7) | 11.6a (0.4) | 12.80 (0.75) | 12.27 (0.68) | 5.9a (0.4) | 5.0a (0.4) | 16.45a (1.26) | 15.13a (0.80) | 28.78 (1.03) |
26.99 (1.45) |
0.17b (0.02) |
0.20b (0.01) |
51.34 (1.17) |
51.65 (1.72) |
0.012 (0.009) |
0.010 (0.009) |
|
| Road | 15.57 (0.60) | 14.45 (0.70) | 11.0a (0.7) | 10.0ab (0.8) | 12.44 (0.64) | 12.98 (0.61) | 4.4b (0.2) | 5.8a (0.6) | 11.22d (0.98) | 13.02bc (0.45) | 47.72 (4.05) |
47.00 (5.43) |
0.33a (0.05) |
0.30ab (0.05) |
34.37 (3.18) |
33.87 (2.34) |
0.015 (0.008) |
0.027 (0.004) |
|
| Cement | 15.09 (0.60) | 14.89 (1.18) | 9.8b (0.7) | 10.0ab (0.8) | 12.38 (0.95) | 13.87 (0.91) | 7.0a (0.1) |
6.0a (0.7) | 12.08cd (1.04) | 14.60b (0.45) | 35.52 (1.19) |
41.81 (4.70) |
0.28ab (0.02) |
0.25ab (0.04) |
43.75 (1.04) |
39.09 (2.36) |
0.006 (0.004) |
0.009 (0.008) |
|
| ANCOVA | df | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p | F | p |
| Species (Sp) | 1 | 0.007 | 0.936 | 0.021 | 0.885 | 0.006 | 0.938 | 1.138 | 0.295 | 6.392 | 0.017 | 3.307 | 0.079 | 3.012 | 0.093 | 7.679 | 0.010 | 0.081 | 0.778 |
| PM source (PMs) | 2 | 0.631 | 0.539 | 1.514 | 0.236 | 0.130 | 0.878 | 2.663 | 0.086 | 45.21 | < 0.001 | 12.33 | < 0.001 | 6.091 | 0.006 | 24.88 | < 0.001 | 1.828 | 0.178 |
| Sex (S) | 1 | 6.906 | 0.013 | 1.086 | 0.306 | 11.23 | 0.002 | 0.073 | 0.789 | 63.18 | < 0.001 | 3.727 | 0.063 | 0.005 | 0.943 | 0.840 | 0.367 | 6.064 | 0.020 |
| Sp × PMs | 2 | 0.252 | 0.779 | 6.179 | 0.006 | 0.111 | 0.895 | 7.232 | 0.003 | 4.749 | 0.016 | 1.009 | 0.377 | 3.396 | 0.047 | 1.188 | 0.319 | 0.185 | 0.832 |
| Sp × S | 1 | 0.010 | 0.920 | 0.120 | 0.732 | 0.010 | 0.921 | 0.023 | 0.880 | 3.066 | 0.090 | 0.001 | 0.977 | 0.160 | 0.693 | 0.014 | 0.907 | 0.088 | 0.769 |
| PMs × S | 2 | 0.001 | 0.999 | 0.067 | 0.935 | 0.695 | 0.507 | 2.116 | 0.138 | 7.942 | 0.002 | 0.701 | 0.504 | 0.252 | 0.779 | 0.743 | 0.484 | 0.042 | 0.959 |
| Sp × PMs × S | 2 | 0.198 | 0.821 | 0.225 | 0.800 | 0.038 | 0.963 | 0.100 | 0.905 | 0.066 | 0.937 | 0.208 | 0.813 | 0.227 | 0.798 | 1.363 | 0.271 | 0.010 | 0.990 |
| ILM | 1 | 2.711 | 0.110 | 26.60 | < 0.001 | 3.536 | 0.070 | 14.37 | < 0.001 | 0.465 | 0.500 | 4.321 | 0.046 | 9.882 | 0.004 | 1.059 | 0.311 | 101.9 | < 0.001 |
| df error | 31 | 31 | 31 | 30 | 31 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | ||||||||||