Table 1.
Biomedical characteristics of eligible study patients.
| Characteristics | Control (N=1299) | Intervention (N=1422) | Total (N=2721) | P value | |
| Age in years, mean (SD) | 62.8 (10.1) | 62.9 (9.9) | 62.9 (10.0) | .63 | |
| Age category, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<30 years | 4 (0.31) | 3 (0.21) | 7 (0.26) |
|
|
|
30-44 years | 67 (5.16) | 63 (4.43) | 130 (4.78) |
|
|
|
45-65 years | 623 (47.96) | 712 (50.07) | 1335 (49.06) |
|
|
|
>65 years | 605 (46.57) | 644 (45.29) | 1249 (45.90) |
|
| Gender, n (%) |
|
|
|
.27 | |
|
|
Male | 776 (59.74) | 820 (57.67) | 1596 (58.65) |
|
|
|
Female | 523 (40.26) | 602 (42.33) | 1125 (41.35) |
|
| Ethnicity, n (%) |
|
|
|
<.001 | |
|
|
White | 380 (38.31) | 195 (23.0) | 575 (31.27) |
|
|
|
Black | 45 (4.54) | 17 (2.01) | 62 (3.37) |
|
|
|
Asian | 516 (52.02) | 620 (73.20) | 1136 (61.77) |
|
|
|
Mixed | 14 (1.41) | 6 (0.71) | 20 (1.09) |
|
|
|
Other | 37 (3.73) | 9 (1.06) | 46 (2.50) |
|
| Smoking status, n (%) |
|
|
|
.64 | |
|
|
Nonsmoker | 750 (57.74) | 817 (57.45) | 1567 (57.59) |
|
|
|
Current smoker | 205 (15.78) | 210 (14.77) | 415 (15.25) |
|
|
|
Ex-smoker | 344 (26.48) | 395 (27.78) | 739 (27.16) |
|
| Duration of T2DMa in years, mean (SD) | 10.62 (7.31) | 10.31 (7.14) | 10.46 (7.22) | .27 | |
| HbA1cb in mmol/mol, mean (SD) | 59.8 (18.1) | 58.9 (16.7) | 59.3 (17.4) | .14 | |
| HbA1c<53 mmol/mol, n (%) | 546 (42.03) | 618 (43.46) | 1164 (42.78) | .45 | |
| HbA1c<58.5 mmol/mol, n (%) | 755 (58.12) | 849 (59.70) | 1604 (58.95) | .39 | |
| Total cholesterol in mmol/L, mean (SD) | 4.1 (1.0) | 4.1 (0.94) | 4.1 (0.98) | .05 | |
| Total cholesterol<3.5 mmol/L, n (%) | 335 (25.79) | 372 (26.16) | 707 (25.98) | .81 | |
| Total cholesterol<5 mmol/L, n (%) | 1075 (82.76) | 1211 (85.16) | 2286 (84.01) | .07 | |
| Systolic BPc in mm Hg, mean (SD) | 134.0 (15.0) | 134.5 (14.2) | 134.3 (14.6) | .82 | |
| Diastolic BP in mm Hg, mean (SD) | 76.7 (9.7) | 75.4 (9.2) | 76.1 (9.5) | <.001 | |
| BP<130/80 mm Hg, n (%) | 320 (24.63) | 320 (22.50) | 640 (23.52) | .19 | |
| BP<140/80 mm Hg, n (%) | 608 (46.81) | 670 (47.12) | 1278 (46.97) | .87 | |
| eGFRd in mL/min, median (IQRe) | 81.0 (62.0-90.0) | 85.0 (66.0-90.0) | 83.0 (64.0-90.0) | .047 | |
| CKDf Stage 3, n (%) | 260 (20.02) | 276 (19.41) | 536 (19.70) | .06 | |
|
|
Stage 3a | 34 (13.08) | 30 (10.87) | 64 (11.94) | .38 |
|
|
Stage 3b | 22 (8.46) | 13 (4.71) | 35 (6.53) | .07 |
| CKD Stage 4, n (%) | 33 (2.54) | 21 (1.48) | 54 (1.98) | .05 | |
| CKD Stage 5, n (%) | 20 (1.54) | 13 (0.91) | 33 (1.21) | .14 | |
| Medical history, n (%) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Myocardial infarction | 97 (7.47) | 89 (6.26) | 186 (6.84) | .21 |
|
|
Acute coronary syndrome | 51 (3.93) | 57 (4.01) | 108 (3.97) | .91 |
|
|
Angina | 120 (9.24) | 132 (9.28) | 252 (9.26) | .97 |
|
|
Ischemic heart disease | 249 (19.17) | 264 (18.57) | 513 (18.85) | .68 |
|
|
Transient ischemic attack | 66 (55.08) | 35 (2.46) | 101 (3.71) | <.001 |
|
|
Stroke | 46 (3.54) | 55 (3.87) | 101 (3.71) | .65 |
|
|
Peripheral vascular disease | 48 (3.70) | 34 (2.39) | 82 (3.01) | .047 |
|
|
Revascularization procedure | 92 (7.08) | 40 (2.81) | 132 (4.85) | <.001 |
|
|
Bypass graft | 47 (3.62) | 53 (3.73) | 100 (3.68) | .88 |
| Number of study risk factors controlled, n (%)g |
|
|
|
.21 | |
|
|
0 | 336 (25.87) | 337 (23.70) | 673 (24.73) |
|
|
|
1 | 579 (44.57) | 680 (47.82) | 1259 (46.27) |
|
|
|
2 | 309 (23.79) | 336 (23.63) | 645 (23.70) |
|
|
|
3 | 70 (5.39) | 61 (4.29) | 131 (4.81) |
|
| MAh/proteinuria code, n (%) | 410 (31.56) | 666 (46.84) | 1076 (39.54) | <.001 | |
aT2DM: type 2 diabetes.
bHbA1c: glycated hemoglobin.
cBP: blood pressure.
deGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.
eIQR: interquartile range.
fCKD: chronic kidney disease.
gHbA1c <7.5% (58.5 mmol/mol), total cholesterol <3.5 mmol/L, BP <130/80 mm Hg.
hMA: microalbuminuria.