Table 1.
Baseline Participant Characteristics Overall and According to Self‐Reported Smoking Status
| Overall (N=4737) Mean (SD) or Median (IQR) or n (%) | Never Smokers (N=1458) Mean (SD) Median (IQR) or n (%) | Former Smokers (N=1997) Mean (SD) or Median (IQR) or n (%) | Light Current Smokers (N=495) Mean (SD) or Median (IQR) or n (%) | Heavy Current Smokers (N=787) Mean (SD) or Median (IQR) or n (%) | P Value for ANOVA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urine cotinine (ng/mL)a | 370 (721) | 11 (109) | 47 (256) | 805 (681) | 1580 (753) | <0.001 |
| Questionnaire | ||||||
| Male | 2156 (45.5) | 578 (39.6) | 992 (49.7) | 214 (43.2) | 372 (47.3) | <0.001 |
| Age at survey, y | 53 (12) | 52 (12) | 55 (12) | 52 (11) | 50 (10) | <0.001 |
| History of diabetes mellitus | 236 (5.0) | 69 (4.7) | 107 (5.4) | 28 (5.7) | 32 (4.1) | 0.447 |
| Alcohol consumers | 3570 (75.4) | 1007 (69.1) | 1577 (79.0) | 391 (79.0) | 595 (75.6) | <0.001 |
| Regular use of antihypertensive medication | 742 (16.6) | 197 (14.5) | 393 (20.8) | 68 (14.5) | 84 (11.2) | <0.001 |
| Regular use of lipid‐lowering medication | 126 (3.2) | 37 (3.2) | 60 (3.6) | 14 (3.4) | 15 (2.3) | 0.498 |
| Physical measurements | ||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.5 (4.3) | 26.5 (4.4) | 27.1 (4.2) | 25.6 (4.2) | 25.8 (4.1) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 125 (19) | 125 (19) | 127 (19) | 122 (17) | 123 (18) | <0.001 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 73 (9) | 72 (9) | 74 (9) | 72 (9) | 73 (9) | <0.001 |
| Lipid markers | ||||||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.47 (1.05) | 5.34 (1.04) | 5.51 (1.03) | 5.42 (1.03) | 5.63 (1.09) | <0.001 |
| HDL‐C, mmol/L | 1.28 (0.31) | 1.29 (0.29) | 1.29 (0.32) | 1.28 (0.33) | 1.21 (0.31) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic, inflammatory, and renal function markers | ||||||
| hsCRP, mg/L | 1.30 (0.60–2.89) | 1.05 (0.50–2.49) | 1.35 (0.65–2.87) | 1.21 (0.53–2.91) | 1.81 (0.77–3.78) | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/L | 4.98 (1.08) | 4.94 (1.10) | 5.05 (1.10) | 4.92 (0.96) | 4.93 (1.07) | 0.002 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 71 (62–80) | 70 (62–79) | 72 (64–82) | 69 (62–78) | 67 (60–76) | <0.001 |
| Cystatine C, mg/dL | 0.90 (0.20) | 0.87 (0.19) | 0.91 (0.22) | 0.92 (0.21) | 0.92 (0.16) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 92.4 (16.8) | 94.1 (16.9) | 90.7 (17.3) | 92.3 (17.0) | 93.8 (14.6) | <0.001 |
Continuous variables are reported as mean±SD or median (interquartile range) and categorical variables are reported as n (%). BMI indicates body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate (as calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration combined creatinine–cystatin C equation); HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; hsCRP, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein; IQR, interquartile range; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.
a
Majority of participants had urine cotinine concentrations below the assay's detection limit.