Table 5.
Prospective Associations of Smoking Exposure With Development of Stroke
| Smoking Exposure | Events/Total | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | ||
| Self‐reported smoking | |||||||||
| Never smokers | 23/1458 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Former smokers | 31/1997 | 0.68 (0.39–1.19) | 0.178 | 0.68 (0.39–1.19) | 0.172 | 0.71 (0.40–1.24) | 0.227 | 0.68 (0.39–1.20) | 0.184 |
| Light current smokers | 7/495 | 0.94 (0.40–2.19) | 0.878 | 1.00 (0.43–2.34) | 0.995 | 1.09 (0.46–2.57) | 0.851 | 1.02 (0.43–2.41) | 0.965 |
| Heavy current smokers | 22/787 | 2.39 (1.31–4.37) | 0.005 | 2.33 (1.27–4.26) | 0.006 | 2.49 (1.35–4.59) | 0.003 | 2.15 (1.16–4.00) | 0.015 |
| Urine cotinine | |||||||||
| Per 1000 ng/mL | 83/4737 | 1.51 (1.17–1.96) | 0.002 | 1.56 (1.20–2.03) | 0.001 | 1.59 (1.22–2.07) | 0.001 | 1.50 (1.14–1.96) | 0.003 |
| Never smokers | 53/3407 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Former smokers | 4/227 | 1.45 (0.52–4.02) | 0.474 | 1.53 (0.55–4.24) | 0.416 | 1.66 (0.60–4.61) | 0.334 | 1.58 (0.57–4.41) | 0.380 |
| Light current smokers | 13/552 | 2.02 (1.09–3.72) | 0.024 | 2.02 (1.09–3.72) | 0.025 | 2.12 (1.14–3.93) | 0.017 | 1.99 (1.07–3.70) | 0.029 |
| Heavy current smokers | 13/551 | 2.25 (1.21–4.18) | 0.010 | 2.41 (1.29–4.52) | 0.006 | 2.56 (1.36–4.83) | 0.004 | 2.21 (1.16–4.20) | 0.016 |
Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 plus history of diabetes mellitus, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Model 3: Model 2 plus body mass index, alcohol consumption, glucose, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (as calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration combined creatinine–cystatin C equation). Model 4: Model 3 plus loge high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein. CI indicates confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.