Table 6.
Prospective Associations of Smoking Exposure With Development of Cardiovascular Disease on Exclusion of First 2 Years of Follow‐Up
| Smoking Exposure | Events/Total | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | HR (95% CI) | P Value | ||
| Self‐reported smoking | |||||||||
| Never smokers | 53/1409 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Former smokers | 109/1942 | 0.98 (0.70–1.37) | 0.908 | 0.96 (0.69–1.35) | 0.836 | 0.98 (0.70–1.38) | 0.917 | 0.97 (0.69–1.37) | 0.870 |
| Light current smokers | 21/472 | 1.13 (0.68–1.87) | 0.646 | 1.15 (0.69–1.91) | 0.591 | 1.18 (0.71–1.97) | 0.528 | 1.13 (0.68–1.89) | 0.633 |
| Heavy current smokers | 50/753 | 2.14 (1.45–3.17) | <0.001 | 1.99 (1.34–2.96) | 0.001 | 2.02 (1.35–3.01) | 0.001 | 1.88 (1.25–2.82) | 0.002 |
| Urine cotinine | |||||||||
| Per 1000 ng/mL | 233/4576 | 1.40 (1.20–1.64) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.17–1.62) | <0.001 | 1.38 (1.17–1.62) | <0.001 | 1.34 (1.13–1.58) | <0.001 |
| Never smokers | 155/3305 | ref | ref | ref | ref | ||||
| Former smokers | 14/218 | 1.75 (1.01–3.02) | 0.046 | 1.67 (0.96–2.91) | 0.068 | 1.74 (1.00–3.03) | 0.049 | 1.71 (0.99–2.98) | 0.056 |
| Light current smokers | 28/528 | 1.41 (0.94–2.12) | 0.094 | 1.41 (0.94–2.12) | 0.093 | 1.42 (0.95–2.14) | 0.091 | 1.37 (0.91–2.06) | 0.134 |
| Heavy current smokers | 36/525 | 2.00 (1.38–2.89) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.33–2.82) | 0.001 | 1.98 (1.35–2.90) | <0.001 | 1.84 (1.25–2.71) | 0.002 |
Model 1: Age and sex. Model 2: Model 1 plus history of diabetes mellitus, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Model 3: Model 2 plus body mass index, alcohol consumption, glucose, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (as calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration combined creatinine–cystatin C equation). Model 4: Model 3 plus loge high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein. CI indicates confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio.