Table 2.
Cardiac Diagnoses and Extracardiac Findings
| Total | 1 to 4 Days | 5 to 11 Days | ≥12 Days | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac diagnosis based on initial echocardiogram | |||||
| Height, cm | 51.0 (47.0, 57.0) | 53.0 (49.0, 58.0) | 51.5 (48.0, 59.0) | 47.5 (45.0, 51.0) | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 3.7 (2.9, 5.0) | 4.0 (3.4, 5.1) | 3.8 (2.8, 5.6) | 3.0 (2.4, 3.7) | <0.001 |
| Body surface area, m2 | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) | 0.3 (0.2, 0.3) | 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) | 0.2 (0.2, 0.2) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary valve anatomy | |||||
| Stenosis | 121 (80.1) | 38 (97.4) | 59 (81.9) | 24 (60.0) | |
| Atresia | 26 (17.2) | 1 (2.6) | 12 (16.7) | 13 (32.5) | |
| Absent | 4 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 3 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| Atresia with pulmonary artery segment | 16 (61.5) | 1 (100) | 7 (58.3) | 8 (61.5) | 0.99 |
| Aortopulmonary collaterals | 15 (9.9) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (11.1) | 7 (17.5) | 0.01 |
| Continuous pulmonary arteries | 141 (93.4) | 38 (97.4) | 66 (91.7) | 37 (92.5) | 0.62 |
| Atrial septum | |||||
| Intact | 23 (15.2) | 13 (33.3) | 9 (12.5) | 1 (2.5) | |
| Patent foramen ovale | 115 (76.2) | 25 (64.1) | 58 (80.6) | 32 (80.0) | |
| Secundum atrial septal defect | 11 (7.3) | 1 (2.6) | 4 (5.6) | 6 (15.0) | |
| Other | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Ventricular septal defect | |||||
| Single | 147 (97.4) | 38 (97.4) | 69 (95.8) | 40 (100) | |
| Multiple | 4 (2.6) | 1 (2.6) | 3 (4.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.49 |
| Ventricular septal defect type | |||||
| Malalignment | 141 (93.4) | 36 (92.3) | 67 (93.1) | 38 (95.0) | |
| Conal septal hypoplasia with malalignment | 10 (6.6) | 3 (7.7) | 5 (6.9) | 2 (5.0) | 0.68 |
| Endocardial cushion effect | 6 (4.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.2) | 4 (11.8) | 0.045 |
| Aortic arch side | |||||
| Unknown | 2 (1.3) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Left | 104 (68.9) | 29 (74.4) | 52 (72.2) | 23 (57.5) | |
| Right | 45 (29.8) | 9 (23.1) | 19 (26.4) | 17 (42.5) | 0.096 |
| Aortic arch branching | |||||
| Unknown | 6 (4.1) | 2 (5.4) | 2 (2.9) | 2 (5.0) | |
| Left aortic arch, normal branching | 87 (59.2) | 26 (70.3) | 40 (57.1) | 21 (52.5) | |
| Right aortic arch | 34 (23.1) | 6 (16.2) | 16 (22.9) | 12 (30.0) | |
| Common brachiocephalic trunk | 7 (4.8) | 3 (8.1) | 3 (4.3) | 1 (2.5) | |
| Aberrant right subclavian artery | 8 (5.4) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (10.0) | 1 (2.5) | |
| Aberrant left subclavian artery | 5 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.9) | 3 (7.5) | 0.093 |
| Pulmonary valve annulus, if measurable | 5.9 (4.9, 7.1) | 6.0 (5.0, 7.5) | 6.2 (5.4, 7.3) | 5.0 (3.8, 6.0) | 0.003 |
| Pulmonary valve annulus z‐score | −2.0 (−2.6, −1.5) | −1.9 (−2.6, −1.5) | −2.0 (−2.4, −1.2) | −2.3 (−2.9, −2.0) | 0.066 |
| Right pulmonary artery diameter, mm | 4.3 (3.6, 5.2) | 4.5 (4.0, 5.4) | 4.4 (3.8, 5.1) | 3.9 (3.0, 5.1) | 0.012 |
| Right pulmonary artery z‐score | −1.2 (−1.9, −0.6) | −1.2 (−1.8, −0.5) | −1.1 (−1.9, −0.6) | −1.3 (−2.1, −0.6) | 0.62 |
| Left pulmonary artery diameter, mm | 4.0 (3.3, 5.0) | 4.0 (3.4, 5.0) | 4.1 (3.5, 5.5) | 3.7 (2.8, 4.0) | 0.044 |
| Left pulmonary artery z‐score | −1.3 (−2.0, −0.6) | −1.6 (−2.1, −0.3) | −1.1 (−1.8, −0.3) | −1.6 (−2.1, −0.9) | 0.59 |
| Aortic valve annulus, mm | 9.3 (8.1, 11.2) | 10.1 (9.0, 11.5) | 9.0 (8.5, 10.8) | 8.7 (7.4, 10.2) | 0.014 |
| Aortic valve annulus z‐score | 2.5 (1.3, 3.8) | 2.8 (1.4, 3.8) | 2.1 (1.3, 3.7) | 2.5 (0.9, 3.8) | 0.667 |
| Aortic root annulus, mm | 12.0 (10.8, 13.9) | 12.5 (11.6, 14.5) | 11.9 (11.0, 13.9) | 11.7 (10.0, 13.0) | 0.027 |
| Aortic root annulus z‐score | 1.9 (1.3, 2.6) | 1.9 (1.1, 2.7) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.7) | 2.0 (1.2, 2.4) | 0.80 |
| Aortic sinotubular junction, mm | 9.9 (8.6, 11.3) | 10.7 (9.0, 11.5) | 9.6 (8.6, 11.3) | 9.3 (8.0, 11.0) | 0.021 |
| Aortic sinotubular junction z‐score | 1.6 (0.8, 2.9) | 1.6 (1.1, 3.0) | 1.8 (0.8, 2.9) | 1.6 (0.8, 2.5) | 0.70 |
| Preoperative interventions | |||||
| No preoperative intervention | 122 (80.8) | 36 (92.3) | 54 (75.0) | 32 (80.0) | 0.19 |
| Pulmonary valve balloon dilation | 3 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 2 (5.0) | 0.49 |
| Right ventricular outflow tract stent | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | ··· |
| Ductus arteriosus stent | 3 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (4.2) | 0 (0.0) | ··· |
| Blalock‐Taussig shunt | 16 (10.6) | 3 (7.7) | 9 (12.5) | 4 (10.0) | 0.99 |
| Central shunt | 5 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (4.2) | 2 (5.0) | 0.49 |
| Mee procedure | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | ··· |
| Pulmonary arterioplasty | 5 (3.3) | 1 (2.6) | 3 (4.2) | 1 (2.5) | 0.99 |
| Other | 16 (10.6) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (16.7) | 4 (10.0) | 0.12 |
| Extracardiac findings | |||||
| Genetic consultation obtained | 102 (67.5) | 27 (69.2) | 44 (61.1) | 31 (77.5) | 0.406 |
| Extracardiac malformations | 64 (42.4) | 17 (43.6) | 27 (37.5) | 20 (50.0) | 0.57 |
| Facial dysmorphia | 48 (31.8) | 10 (25.6) | 17 (23.6) | 21 (52.5) | 0.015 |
| Genetic diagnosis identified | 38 (25.2) | 3 (7.7) | 19 (26.4) | 16 (40.0) | 0.001 |
| Genetic diagnosis type | |||||
| Normal | 113 (74.8) | 36 (92.3) | 53 (73.6) | 24 (60.0) | |
| CHARGE | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | |
| DiGeorge syndrome | 13 (8.6) | 2 (5.1) | 7 (9.7) | 4 (10.0) | |
| Trisomy 21 | 7 (4.6) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (5.6) | 3 (7.5) | |
| VACTERL | 5 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.8) | 3 (7.5) | |
| Syndromic | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 1 (2.5) | |
| Other | 10 (6.6) | 1 (2.6) | 5 (6.9) | 4 (10.0) | 0.019 |
| 22q11.2 deletion status | |||||
| Deleted | 13 (9.7) | 2 (5.9) | 7 (10.9) | 4 (11.1) | |
| Nondeleted | 121 (90.3) | 32 (94.1) | 57 (89.1) | 32 (88.9) | 0.67 |
Continuous variables are presented as median (25th to 75th percentiles). Counts are presented as n (%). P values represent comparisons between 1‐4 days and ≥12 days in the hospital. CHARGE indicates the association of coloboma, heart defect, choanal atresia, growth retardation, and genital and ear abnormalities; VACTERL, association of vertebral defects, anal atresia, cardiac defects, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal and limb anomalies.