Table 3.
Operative, Admission, and Discharge Characteristics
| Total | 1 to 4 Days | 5 to 11 Days | ≥12 Days | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operative characteristics | |||||
| Age at surgery, mo | 3.6 (2.2, 5.2) | 3.3 (2.2, 4.4) | 4.1 (2.8, 5.5) | 3.0 (0.4, 5.3) | 0.58 |
| Neonatal repair | 23 (15.2) | 2 (5.1) | 6 (8.3) | 15 (37.5) | 0.001 |
| Height at surgery, cm | 58.5 (54, 62.7) | 58.0 (56.0, 63.0) | 59.1 (55.0, 63.6) | 55.0 (47.0, 60.5) | 0.007 |
| Weight at surgery, kg | 5.3 (4.1, 6.2) | 5.3 (4.6, 6.0) | 5.7 (4.4, 6.5) | 4.9 (2.9, 5.6) | 0.043 |
| Hours in the operating room | 3.7 (3.0, 4.6) | 2.8 (2.5, 3.4) | 3.8 (3.2, 4.6) | 4.1 (3.4, 5.1) | <0.001 |
| Number of CPB runs | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 1.5) | 0.001 |
| Total CPB time, min | 63.0 (37.0, 86.0) | 32.0 (26.0, 53.0) | 66.0 (45.0, 90.5) | 76.5 (62.5, 112.0) | <0.001 |
| Aortic cross‐clamp time, min | 40.0 (25.0, 63.0) | 25.0 (20.0, 43.0) | 48.0 (30.0, 64.5) | 52.0 (29.5, 75.5) | <0.001 |
| Use of DHCA | 12 (7.9) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (8.3) | 6 (15.0) | 0.026 |
| DHCA time, min | 25.5 (16.0, 35.5) | ··· | 23.5 (16.0, 41.0) | 25.5 (16.0, 28.0) | ··· |
| Lowest pH on CPB | 7.3 (7.3, 7.4) | 7.3 (7.3, 7.4) | 7.3 (7.3, 7.4) | 7.3 (7.2, 7.4) | 0.097 |
| Lowest esophageal temperature, °C | 35.2 (33.8, 36.0) | 36.0 (35.1, 36.1) | 35.0 (33.9, 36.0) | 34.0 (25.9, 36.0) | <0.001 |
| Lowest hematocrit on CPB | 37.0 (33.0, 37.0) | 37.0 (37.0, 37.0) | 37.0 (34.0, 37.0) | 33.0 (27.5, 37.0) | <0.001 |
| Used modified ultrafiltration | 151 (100) | 39 (100) | 72 (100) | 40 (100) | |
| Steroid use | 30 (20.0) | 4 (10.3) | 13 (18.1) | 13 (33.3) | 0.014 |
| Operative procedure | |||||
| Repair | |||||
| Staged | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (5.0) | |
| Complete | 148 (98.7) | 38 (100) | 72 (100) | 38 (95.0) | 0.49 |
| Foramen ovale | |||||
| Closed | 37 (24.7) | 15 (38.5) | 15 (20.8) | 7 (17.9) | |
| Left open | 100 (66.7) | 20 (51.3) | 51 (70.8) | 29 (74.4) | |
| Created | 13 (8.7) | 4 (10.3) | 6 (8.3) | 3 (7.7) | 0.078 |
| Access | |||||
| Transatrial | 53 (35.3) | 23 (59.0) | 24 (33.3) | 6 (15.4) | |
| Ventriculotomy | 26 (17.3) | 2 (5.1) | 15 (20.8) | 9 (23.1) | |
| Transatrial and ventriculotomy | 71 (47.3) | 14 (35.9) | 33 (45.8) | 24 (61.5) | <0.001 |
| Operative procedure for the VSD | |||||
| Closed | 147 (98.0) | 39 (100) | 70 (97.2) | 38 (97.4) | |
| Fenestrated | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Unrepaired | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.6) | 0.99 |
| Outflow tract repair | |||||
| None | 23 (15.2) | 11 (28.2) | 8 (11.1) | 4 (10.0) | |
| Transannular patch | 87 (57.6) | 19 (48.7) | 41 (56.9) | 27 (67.5) | |
| Nontransannular patch | 7 (4.6) | 1 (2.6) | 5 (6.9) | 1 (2.5) | |
| RV‐PA conduit | 19 (12.6) | 0 (0.0) | 12 (16.7) | 7 (17.5) | |
| Pulmonary valvotomy | 13 (8.6) | 7 (17.9) | 6 (8.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| TAP and pulmonary valvotomy | 1 (0.7) | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Non‐TAP and pulmonary valvotomy | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | <0.001 |
| Intervention in the pulmonary arteries | |||||
| None | 85 (56.3) | 28 (71.8) | 40 (55.6) | 17 (42.5) | |
| PA plasty | 17 (11.3) | 3 (7.7) | 9 (12.5) | 5 (12.5) | |
| PA plication | 3 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 2 (5.0) | |
| Unifocalization | 4 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.8) | 2 (5.0) | |
| Discontinuous PA plasty | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Patch extended to LPA | 37 (24.5) | 8 (20.5) | 17 (23.6) | 12 (30.0) | |
| PA plasty and patch extended to LPA | 3 (2.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.8) | 1 (2.5) | |
| Unifocalization and discontinuous PA plasty | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.5) | 0.079 |
| Closure of atrial septal defect | 4 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.8) | 2 (5.0) | 0.49 |
| Atrioventricular canal repair | 6 (4.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.8) | 4 (10.0) | 0.12 |
| BT shunt take down | 17 (11.3) | 3 (7.7) | 9 (12.5) | 5 (12.5) | 0.71 |
| Collateral ligation | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | ··· |
| Division of vascular ring | 2 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | ··· |
| Hospital discharge characteristics | |||||
| Hospital stay from surgery, d | 7.0 (4.0, 11.0) | 4.0 (4.0, 4.0) | 7.0 (5.0, 8.0) | 34.0 (14.0, 65.0) | <0.001 |
| Prolonged stay >30 d | |||||
| No | 132 (87.4) | 39 (100) | 72 (100) | 21 (52.5) | |
| Yes | 19 (12.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 19 (47.5) | <0.001 |
| Discharge status | |||||
| Death | 5 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (12.5) | |
| Home | 142 (94.0) | 39 (100) | 70 (97.2) | 33 (82.5) | |
| Other hospital/chronic care facility | 4 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (2.8) | 2 (5.0) | 0.012 |
| O2 saturation (%) | 96.0 (92.0, 98.0) | 97.0 (95.0, 100.0) | 95.0 (91.0, 97.0) | 97.0 (91.0, 98.0) | 0.089 |
| Number of medications at discharge | 2.0 (1.0, 3.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 3.0) | 2.5 (1.0, 5.0) | 0.015 |
| Feeding status | |||||
| Oral | 99 (67.8) | 39 (100) | 53 (73.6) | 7 (20.0) | |
| Oral/nasogastric/gastric | 29 (19.9) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (19.4) | 15 (42.9) | |
| Nasogastric/gastric | 18 (12.3) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (6.9) | 13 (37.1) | <0.001 |
| Use of oxygen on discharge, n (%) | 3 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.4) | 2 (5.7) | 0.22 |
Continuous variables are presented as median (25th to 75th percentiles), counts are presented as n (%). P values represent comparisons between 1‐4 days and ≥12 days in the hospital. BT shunt indicates Blalock‐Taussig shunt; CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; DHCA, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest; LPA, left pulmonary artery; RV‐PA, right ventricle to pulmonary artery; TAP, transannular patch; VSD, ventricular septal defect.