Table 4.
Trial‐Level Analysis of Effect Size: Vitamin D Supplementation and Markers of Vascular Function
| Outcome | Intervention | No. of Studies | n | Random‐Effects | Fixed‐Effects | I2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment Effect (95% CI) | P Value | Treatment Effect (95% CI) | P Value | |||||
| FMD (%) | All | 12 | 785 | 0.49 (−0.13 to 1.11) | 0.12 | 0.48 (0.06–0.90) | 0.02 | 46% |
| D3 | 7 | 495 | 0.17 (−0.49 to 0.84) | 0.61 | 0.19 (−0.30 to 0.67) | 0.45 | 38% | |
| D2 | 3 | 163 | 0.79 (−1.04 to 2.62) | 0.40 | 0.91 (−0.39 to 2.21) | 0.17 | 45% | |
| Paricalcitol | 2 | 103 | 1.72 (0.63–2.82) | 0.002 | 1.72 (0.63–2.82) | 0.002 | 0% | |
| AIx (%) | All | 14 | 1030 | 0.0 (−1.3 to 1.3) | 0.98 | 0.0 (−1.1 to 1.1) | 0.98 | 25% |
| D3 | 14 | 1030 | 0.0 (−1.3 to 1.3) | 0.98 | 0.0 (−1.1 to 1.1) | 0.98 | 25% | |
| D2 | 0 | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | |
| Paricalcitol | 0 | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | |
| RHI, units | All | 3 | 217 | 0.02 (−0.11 to 0.14) | 0.79 | 0.02 (−0.11 to 0.14) | 0.79 | 0% |
| D3 | 2 | 130 | 0.02 (−0.18 to 0.21) | 0.86 | 0.04 (−0.10 to 0.18) | 0.61 | 37% | |
| D2 | 1 | 87 | −0.05 (−0.30 to 0.20) | 0.70 | −0.05 (−0.30 to 0.20) | 0.70 | ··· | |
| Paricalcitol | 0 | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | |||
| PWV (all; SMD) | All | 16 | 1333 | 0.04 (−0.11 to 0.20) | 0.60 | 0.04 (−0.07 to 0.15) | 0.50 | 44% |
| D3 | 15 | 1304 | 0.05 (−0.11 to 0.21) | 0.52 | 0.04 (−0.07 to 0.15) | 0.45 | 47% | |
| D2 | 2a | 138 | −0.24 (−0.57 to 0.10) | 0.17 | −0.24 (−0.57 to 0.10) | 0.17 | 0% | |
| Paricalcitol | 0 | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | |
| PWV (carotid‐femoral only; m/s)a | All | 10 | 674 | 0.04 (−0.32 to 0.41) | 0.81 | −0.01 (−0.20 to 0.21) | 0.94 | 58% |
| D3 | 10 | 674 | 0.00 (−0.32 to 0.41) | 0.81 | −0.01 (−0.20 to 0.21) | 0.94 | 58% | |
| D2 | 1 | 107 | −0.53 (−1.34 to 0.28) | 0.20 | −0.53 (−1.34 to 0.28) | 0.20 | ··· | |
| Paricalcitol | 0 | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | |
| PWV (others; SMD) | All | 6 | 659 | 0.11 (−0.06 to 0.28) | 0.22 | 0.11 (−0.04 to 0.27) | 0.15 | 8% |
| D3 | 5 | 630 | 0.12 (−0.06 to 0.30) | 0.19 | 0.13 (−0.03 to 0.29) | 0.11 | 14% | |
| D2 | 1 | 29 | −0.20 (−0.93 to 0.53) | 0.59 | −0.20 (−0.93 to 0.53) | 0.59 | ··· | |
| Paricalcitol | 0 | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | |
| Microvascular function (SMD) | All | 3 | 140 | 0.43 (0.09–0.76) | 0.01 | 0.43 (0.09–0.76) | 0.01 | 0% |
| D3 | 2 | 111 | 0.37 (−0.01 to 0.75) | 0.05 | 0.37 (−0.01 to 0.75) | 0.05 | 0% | |
| D2 | 1 | 29 | 0.65 (−0.10 to 1.41) | 0.09 | 0.65 (−0.10 to 1.41) | 0.09 | ··· | |
| Paricalcitol | 0 | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | |
| Central SBP, mm Hg | All | 5 | 324 | −1.5 (−5.6 to 2.6) | 0.46 | −1.2 (−3.8 to 1.4) | 0.36 | 47% |
| D3 | 5 | 324 | −1.5 (−5.6 to 2.6) | 0.46 | −1.2 (−3.8 to 1.4) | 0.36 | 47% | |
| D2 | 0 | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | |
| Paricalcitol | 0 | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | |
| Central DBP, mm Hg | All | 5 | 324 | −0.8 (−2.2 to 0.6) | 0.28 | −0.8 (−2.2 to 0.6) | 0.28 | 0% |
| D3 | 5 | 324 | −0.8 (−2.2 to 0.6) | 0.28 | −0.8 (−2.2 to 0.6) | 0.28 | 0% | |
| D2 | 0 | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | |
| Paricalcitol | 0 | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | ··· | |
AIx indicates augmentation index; CI, confidence interval; D2, vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol); D3, vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol); DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FMD, flow‐mediated dilatation of the brachial artery; PWV, pulse wave velocity; RHI, reactive hyperemia index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SMD, standardized mean difference.
a
Data from Forouhi et al40 contain comparisons of D3 vs placebo and D2 vs placebo. Only D3 analysis was included in “All” category for PWV analyses.