Table 2.

Associations of Plasma Choline and Betaine With Incident AF Risk in HUSK, WECAC, and NORVIT^a

Plasma Metabolite	Unadjusted		Adjusted for Sex and Age		Multivariable Modelb
	HR (95% CI)	P Value	HR (95% CI)	P Value	HR (95% CI)	P Value
HUSK (n=6949)
Choline	1.45 (1.33‐1.57)	<0.001	1.12 (1.02‐1.22)	0.013	1.11 (1.02‐1.22)	0.015
Betaine	1.37 (1.26‐1.49)	<0.001	1.13 (1.02‐1.24)	0.014	1.18 (1.07‐1.29)	0.001
WECAC (n=3809)
Choline	1.37 (1.24‐1.51)	<0.001	1.17 (1.05‐1.29)	0.004	1.14 (1.03‐1.27)	0.013
Betaine	1.16 (1.05‐1.28)	0.002	1.07 (0.96‐1.18)	0.22	1.10 (0.99‐1.22)	0.08
NORVIT (n=3733)
Choline	1.30 (1.22‐1.39)	<0.001	1.17 (1.08‐1.26)	<0.001	1.15 (1.06‐1.24)	<0.001
Betaine	1.14 (1.06‐1.24)	0.001	1.14 (1.06‐1.24)	0.001	1.18 (1.09‐1.29)	<0.001
Pooled resultsc
Choline	1.36 (1.30‐1.42)	<0.001	1.15 (1.09‐1.21)	<0.001	1.13 (1.08‐1.19)	<0.001
Betaine	1.22 (1.16‐1.29)	<0.001	1.12 (1.06‐1.18)	<0.001	1.16 (1.10‐1.22)	<0.001

AF indicates atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; HUSK, Hordaland Health Study; NORVIT, Norwegian B‐Vitamin Trial; WECAC, Western Norway Coronary Angiography Cohort.

^aHRs (95% CIs) are reported per 1‐SD increment of natural log‐transformed plasma levels.

^bModels were adjusted for sex, age (continuous), BMI (continuous), diabetes mellitus (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), and smoking (yes/no).

^cThe results across the 3 cohorts were pooled using an inverse variance–weighted, fixed‐effect meta‐analysis.