Table 4.
HRs (95% CIs) for AF Risk By Quintiles of Energy‐Adjusted Dietary Intakes of Choline and Betaine
| Quintiles of Dietary Intake | P Trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (Low) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 (High) | ||
| HUSK (n=5950) | ||||||
| Total choline | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 1.15 (0.85‐1.56) | 1.28 (0.95‐1.73) | 1.29 (0.96‐1.74) | 1.48 (1.11‐1.98) | 0.006 |
| Adjusted for sex and age | 1 | 1.11 (0.82‐1.50) | 1.17 (0.87‐1.57) | 1.20 (0.89‐1.62) | 1.43 (1.07‐1.92) | 0.013 |
| Multivariable modela | 1 | 1.08 (0.80‐1.46) | 1.13 (0.84‐1.52) | 1.14 (0.85‐1.54) | 1.32 (0.99‐1.78) | 0.06 |
| Betaine | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 0.95 (0.71‐1.27) | 1.03 (0.78‐1.36) | 1.03 (0.78‐1.36) | 0.97 (0.73‐1.29) | 0.99 |
| Adjusted for sex and age | 1 | 0.90 (0.68‐1.20) | 1.02 (0.77‐1.35) | 0.97 (0.74‐1.29) | 0.95 (0.72‐1.27) | 0.95 |
| Multivariable modela | 1 | 0.94 (0.71‐1.25) | 1.06 (0.80‐1.40) | 1.00 (0.75‐1.33) | 0.99 (0.74‐1.32) | 0.90 |
| WECAC (n=1899) | ||||||
| Total choline | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 1.18 (0.76‐1.85) | 0.93 (0.58‐1.50) | 1.45 (0.94‐2.24) | 1.20 (0.76‐1.88) | 0.26 |
| Adjusted for sex and age | 1 | 1.13 (0.72‐1.77) | 0.94 (0.58‐1.51) | 1.38 (0.89‐2.12) | 1.31 (0.84‐2.07) | 0.13 |
| Multivariable modela | 1 | 1.12 (0.72‐1.77) | 0.92 (0.57‐1.48) | 1.34 (0.87‐2.07) | 1.23 (0.78‐1.93) | 0.24 |
| Betaine | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 1.76 (1.10‐2.82) | 1.55 (0.96‐2.52) | 1.57 (0.97‐2.54) | 1.47 (0.91‐2.40) | 0.32 |
| Adjusted for sex and age | 1 | 1.65 (1.03‐2.65) | 1.60 (0.98‐2.59) | 1.49 (0.92‐2.42) | 1.39 (0.85‐2.25) | 0.43 |
| Multivariable modela | 1 | 1.73 (1.08‐2.77) | 1.67 (1.03‐2.71) | 1.54 (0.95‐2.51) | 1.47 (0.90‐2.41) | 0.32 |
| Pooled resultsb | ||||||
| Total choline | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 1.16 (0.90‐1.49) | 1.17 (0.91‐1.51) | 1.34 (1.05‐1.71) | 1.39 (1.09‐1.78) | 0.004 |
| Adjusted for sex and age | 1 | 1.11 (0.86‐1.43) | 1.10 (0.85‐1.41) | 1.26 (0.98‐1.61) | 1.40 (1.10‐1.78) | 0.004 |
| Multivariable modela | 1 | 1.09 (0.85‐1.41) | 1.06 (0.82‐1.37) | 1.20 (0.94‐1.54) | 1.29 (1.01‐1.66) | 0.027 |
| Betaine | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 1 | 1.12 (0.88‐1.44) | 1.14 (0.90‐1.46) | 1.14 (0.90‐1.46) | 1.08 (0.84‐1.38) | 0.58 |
| Adjusted for sex and age | 1 | 1.06 (0.83‐1.36) | 1.14 (0.89‐1.45) | 1.08 (0.85‐1.38) | 1.05 (0.82‐1.34) | 0.71 |
| Multivariable modela | 1 | 1.11 (0.87‐1.42) | 1.18 (0.93‐1.51) | 1.12 (0.87‐1.42) | 1.10 (0.85‐1.41) | 0.51 |
AF indicates atrial fibrillation; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; HUSK, Hordaland Health Study; WECAC, Western Norway Coronary Angiography Cohort.
a
Models were adjusted for sex, age (continuous), BMI (continuous), diabetes mellitus (yes/no), hypertension (yes/no), and smoking (yes/no).
b
The results across the 2 cohorts were pooled using an inverse variance–weighted, fixed‐effect meta‐analysis.