Table 1.
Characteristics of FFS Participants Without an Incident PAD Diagnosis (n=10 566) and Those With an Incident PAD Diagnosis in the Outpatient Setting (n=873) or the Inpatient Setting (n=213): ARIC, 2002–2010
| PAD Status | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| No PAD (n=10 566) | Outpatient Incident PAD (n=873) | Inpatient Incident PAD (n=213) | |
| Age at diagnosis, y, mean, SD | NA | 74.9 (4.9) | 74.4 (4.6) |
| Sex, female | 57.4 (56.4–58.3) | 57.6 (54.3–60.9) | 47.0 (40.1–53.9) |
| Race, black | 27.9 (27.1–28.8) | 27.3 (24.3–30.4) | 26.4 (20.6–32.9) |
| Median household income | |||
| Low (<$35 000) | 34.5 (33.6–35.4) | 53.8 (50.4–57.2) | 55.2 (48.2–62.0) |
| Mid ($35 000–$49 999) | 19.4 (18.7–20.2) | 19.2 (16.6–22.0) | 17.5 (12.6–23.2) |
| High (≥$50 000) | 46.1 (45.2–47.1) | 27.0 (24.1–30.1) | 27.3 (21.5–33.9) |
| Education, less than high school | 22.2 (21.4–23.0) | 28.2 (25.2–31.3) | 28.3 (22.3–34.9) |
| Diabetes mellitusa | 20.0 (19.2–20.7) | 47.1 (43.7–50.5) | 26.3 (20.5–32.7) |
| Smoking historyb | 66.4 (65.5–67.3) | 67.1 (63.9–70.2) | 74.7 (68.3–80.3) |
| Hyperlipidemiac | 70.9 (70.1–71.8) | 75.8 (72.9–78.6) | 73.2 (66.8–79.1) |
| Hypertensiond | 52.4 (51.4–53.4) | 87.5 (85.1–89.6) | 70.0 (63.3–76.0) |
| Obesitye | 39.8 (38.8–40.7) | 50.2 (46.8–53.5) | 50.0 (42.9–56.7) |
| History of CHDf | 11.6 (11.0–12.2) | 15.4 (13.0–17.9) | 24.9 (19.2–31.3) |
| History of strokeg | 8.3 (7.8–8.9) | 9.4 (7.5–11.5) | 17.4 (12.5–23.1) |
| History of heart failureh | 16.2 (15.5–16.9) | 17.4 (15.0–20.0) | 35.7 (29.3–42.5) |
| End‐stage renal diseasei | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) | 0.2 (0.0–0.8) | 0.9 (0.1–3.4) |
| Self‐rated health, poorj | 27.0 (26.1–27.8) | 27.6 (24.7–30.7) | 35.2 (28.8–42.0) |
Data are shown as percentage (95% confidence interval) except as noted. ARIC indicates Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; CHD, coronary heart disease; FFS, fee‐for‐service; NA, not assessed; PAD, peripheral artery disease.
Diabetes mellitus is defined as self‐reported history of physician‐diagnosed diabetes mellitus at any of the 4 clinic visits, use of diabetes mellitus medication within 2 weeks before a visit, fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, or nonfasting blood glucose ≥200 mg/dL.
Smoking history is defined as any history or no history.
Hyperlipidemia is defined as total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL.
Hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or antihypertensive medication usage within 2 weeks before any of the 4 clinic visits.
Obesity is defined as body mass index ≥30.
History of CHD is defined as history of myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization during any time during follow‐up but before the incident PAD diagnosis date.
History of stroke is defined as prevalent or incident stroke before the incident PAD diagnosis date,
History of heart failure is defined as prevalent or incident heart failure before the incident PAD diagnosis date.
End‐stage renal disease is defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate <15.0 mL/min/1.73 m2 using the CKD‐EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) equation.
Self‐rated health is defined as poor, fair, good, or excellent.