Table 3.
Serial Multivariable Analyses for the Association Between Anxiety and/or Depression and the Risk of Combined Ischemic Stroke and ICH in Adults With AF Initiating Warfarin Therapy
| Mental Health Condition | Adjusted HR (95% CI)a | HR Additionally Adjusted for TTR (95% CI) | HR Additionally Adjusted for Use of Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Drugs (95% CI)b | HR Additionally Adjusted for Use of Cardiac Drugs (95% CI)c |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No anxiety, no depression | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Anxiety only | 1.52 (1.01–2.28) | 1.56 (1.03–2.36) | 1.57 (1.01–2.43) | 1.54 (0.99–2.38) |
| Depression only | 1.20 (0.89–1.61) | 1.14 (0.85–1.53) | 1.07 (0.78–1.48) | 1.08 (0.78–1.49) |
| Both anxiety and depression | 0.93 (0.63–1.70) | 0.98 (0.60–1.61) | 0.95 (0.58–1.59) | 0.96 (0.57–1.61) |
AF indicates atrial fibrillation; CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; ICH, intracranial hemorrhage; and TTR, percentage of time in therapeutic international normalized ratio range.
Adjusted by patient sex, baseline age, race, renal function, hemoglobin level, history of cancer, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, acute myocardial infarction, unstable angina, coronary artery bypass surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention, transient ischemic attack, intracranial hemorrhage, gastrointestinal bleeding, other major bleeding, other thromboembolic event, chronic heart failure, dementia, lung disease, liver disease, dyslipidemia, hypertension, mechanical fall, and diabetes mellitus.
Adding baseline use of anxiolytic and antidepressant medications. Baseline definition is for drug prescribed 120 days before the index or at index date.
Adding baseline cardiac drug use, including angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, aldosterone receptor antagonists, β blockers, digoxin, diuretics, nitrates, and statins. Baseline definition is for drug prescribed 120 days before the index until 90 days after index.