Table 4.
The discriminative validity of the Evidence-Based Medicine Questionnaire
| Item | Details of item | With EBM training (n = 222) n(%) | Without EBM training (n = 98) n(%) | Chi-square | p-value | ||||||
| Unaware | Aware but not used in clinical decision making | Have read it but not used in clinical decision making | Read and used in clinical decision making | Unaware | Aware but not used in clinical decision making | Have read it but not used in clinical decision making | Read and used in clinical decision making | ||||
| Knowledge Domain (Information sources related to EBM) | |||||||||||
| C2 | Bandolier | 154(69.4) | 35(15.8) | 19(8.6) | 14(6.3) | 66(67.3) | 13(13.3) | 12(12.2) | 7(7.1) | 1.350 | 0.717 |
| C5 | DARE | 155(18.9) | 42(18.9) | 16(7.2) | 9(4.1) | 71(72.4) | 15(15.3) | 12(12.2) | – | 6.510 | 0.089 |
| C6 | CEBM | 123(56.3) | 69(31.1) | 17(7.7) | 11(5.0) | 58(59.2) | 22(22.4) | 14(14.3) | 4(4.1) | 5.074 | 0.166 |
| C10 | ACP | 147(66.2) | 38(17.1) | 24(10.8) | 13(5.9) | 63(64.3) | 16(16.3) | 14(14.3) | 5(5.1) | 0.825 | 0.844 |
| C13 | InfoClinics | 152(68.5) | 44(19.8) | 18(8.1) | 8(3.6) | 63(64.3) | 16(16.3) | 10(10.2) | 9(9.2) | 4.946 | 0.176 |
| C14 | CRD | 175(78.8) | 31(14.0) | 15(6.8) | 1(0.5) | 75(76.5) | 12(12.2) | 9(9.2) | 2(2.0) | 2.564 | 0.464 |
| C3 | EBM | 10(4.5) | 46(20.7) | 66(29.7) | 100(45.0) | 4(4.1) | 28(28.6) | 24(24.5) | 42(42.9) | 2.577 | 0.462 |
| C12 | BMJ | 26(11.7) | 43(19.4) | 73(32.9) | 80(36.0) | 10(10.2) | 25(25.5) | 22(22.4) | 41(41.8) | 4.442 | 0.218 |
| Item | Details of item | With EBM training (n = 222) n(%) |
Without EBM training (n = 98) n(%) |
Chi-square | p-value | ||||||
| Never heard and do not understand | Do not understand but would like to | Understand | Never heard and do not understand | Do not understand but would like to | Understand | ||||||
| Knowledge Domain (Terms related to EBM) | |||||||||||
| K1 | Systematic review | 6(2.7) | 12(5.4) | 204(91.9) | 8(8.2) | 8(8.2) | 82(83.7) | 5.975 | 0.050 | ||
| K2 | Meta-analysis | 10(4.5) | 14(6.3) | 198(89.2) | 6(6.1) | 14(6.3) | 198(89.2) | 16.837 | ≤ 0.001* | ||
| K3 | Case-control study | 4(1.8) | 8(3.6) | 210(94.6) | 5(5.1) | 8(3.1) | 90(91.8) | 2.746 | 0.253 | ||
| K4 | Randomized controlled trial | 4(1.8) | 7(3.2) | 211(95.0) | 4(4.1) | 1(1.0) | 93(94.9) | 2.651 | 0.266 | ||
| K5 | Relative risk | 8(3.6) | 25(11.3) | 189(85.1) | 9(9.2) | 16(16.3) | 73(74.5) | 6.287 | 0.043* | ||
| K6 | Absolute risk | 8(3.6) | 33(14.9) | 181(81.5) | 10(10.2) | 15(15.3) | 73(74.5) | 5.699 | 0.058* | ||
| K7 | Odds ratio | 11(0.5) | 60(27.0) | 151(68.0) | 14(14.3) | 26(26.5) | 58(59.2) | 8.395 | 0.015* | ||
| K8 | P-value | 11(5.0) | 38(17.1) | 173(77.9) | 14(14.3) | 19(19.4) | 65(66.3) | 9.004 | 0.011* | ||
| K9 | Level of evidence | 7(3.2) | 30(13.5) | 185(83.3) | 9(9.2) | 19(19.4) | 70(71.4) | 7.686 | 0.021* | ||
| K10 | Number needed to treat | 11(5.0) | 42(18.5) | 170(76.6) | 11(11.2) | 20(20.4) | 67(68.4) | 4.640 | 0.098* | ||
| K11 | Confidence interval | 17(7.7) | 61(27.5) | 144(64.9) | 21(21.4) | 25(25.5) | 52(53.1) | 12.502 | 0.002* | ||
| K12 | Heterogeneity | 21(9.5) | 74(33.3) | 127(57.2) | 22(22.4) | 35(35.7) | 41(41.8) | 11.709 | 0.003* | ||
| K13 | Publication bias | 23(10.4) | 65(29.3) | 134(60.4) | 23(23.5) | 30(30.6) | 45(45.9) | 10.703 | 0.005* | ||
| K14 | Test sensitivity and specificity | 4(1.8) | 25(11.3) | 193(86.9) | 11(11.2) | 13(13.3) | 74(75.5) | 14.172 | ≤ 0.001* | ||
| K15 | Positive predictive value | 5(2.3) | 36(16.2) | 181(81.5) | 5(2.3) | 36(16.2) | 181(81.5) | 7.415 | 0.025* | ||
| K16 | Clinical effectiveness | 10(4.5) | 48(21.6) | 164(73.9) | 16(16.3) | 19(19.4) | 63(64.3) | 12.738 | 0.002* | ||
| Item | Details of item | With EBM training (n = 222) n(%) |
Without EBM training (n = 98) n(%) |
Chi-square | p-value | ||||||
| Disagree | Neutral | Agree | Disagree | Neutral | Agree | ||||||
| Practice Domain | |||||||||||
| P1 | I support EBM | 1(0.5) | 8(3.6) | 213(95.9) | 2(2.0) | 6(6.1) | 90(91.8) | 2.941 | 0.230 | ||
| P2 | I trust the findings from research studies | 1(0.5) | 37(16.7) | 184(82.9) | 3(3.1) | 13(13.3) | 82(83.7) | 4.216 | 0.121 | ||
| P3 | Reading research papers is important to me | – | 25(11.3) | 197(88.7) | 4(4.1) | 20(20.4) | 74(75.5) | 14.511 | 0.001* | ||
| P4 | EBM improves my patient care | – | 19(8.6) | 203(91.4) | 3(3.1) | 8(8.2) | 87(88.8) | 6.862 | 0.032* | ||
| P5 | EBM reduces my workload | 22(9.9) | 87(39.1) | 113(50.9) | 21(9.4) | 39(17.5) | 38(17.1) | 8.838 | 0.012* | ||
| P6 | I can implement EBM in my clinical practice | 2(0.9) | 23(10.3) | 197(88.7) | 3(1.3) | 16(7.2) | 79(35.5) | 4.537 | 0.103 | ||
| P7 | EBM guides my clinical decision making | – | 11(5.0) | 211(95.0) | 3(3.1) | 9(9.2) | 86(87.8) | 9.130 | 0.010* | ||
| P8 | I prefer to manage patients based on EBM | 2(0.9) | 36(16.2) | 184(82.9) | 3(3.1) | 25(25.5) | 70(71.4) | 6.235 | 0.044* | ||
| Barriers Domain | |||||||||||
| B1 | I am able to assess the quality of research. | 35(15.8) | 76(34.2) | 111(50.0) | 17(17.3) | 40(40.8) | 41(41.8) | 1.871 | 0.392 | ||
| B2 | I have access to internet to practice EBM | 4(1.8) | 18(8.1) | 200(90.1) | 11(11.2) | 12(12.2) | 75(76.5) | 15.573 | < 0.001* | ||
| B3 | I have time to read research papers | 25(11.3) | 93(41.9) | 104(46.8) | 22(22.4) | 39(39.8) | 37(37.8) | 7.142 | 0.028* | ||
| B4 | I have time to practise EBM in my clinic | 18(8.1) | 60(27.0) | 144(64.9) | 144(64.9) | 17(17.3) | 32(32.7) | 8.545 | 0.014* | ||
| B5 | My clinic facilities are adequate to support the practice of EBM | 47(20.2) | 85(38.2) | 90(40.5) | 34(15.3) | 34(15.3) | 120(54.0) | 6.935 | 0.031* | ||
| B6 | Research articles are easily available to me | 50(22.5) | 71(32.0) | 101(45.5) | 40(40.8) | 29(29.6) | 29(29.6) | 12.447 | 0.002* | ||
| B8 | My patients prefers me to practise EBM | 28(12.6) | 138(62.2) | 56(25.2) | 15(15.3) | 59(60.2) | 24(24.5) | 0.424 | 0.809 | ||
| B9 | My patient believes in information that is based on evidence | 35(15.8) | 95(42.8) | 92(41.4) | 11(11.2) | 47(48.0) | 40(40.8) | 1.391 | 0.499 | ||
| B12 | My colleagues support the practice of EBM | 13(5.9) | 84(37.8) | 125(56.3) | 12(12.2) | 36(36.7) | 50(51.0) | 3.922 | 1.141 | ||
| B13 | My organization supports the practice of EBM | 12(5.4) | 72(32.4) | 138(62.2) | 8(8.2) | 33(33.7) | 57(58.2) | 1.038 | 0.595 | ||
EBM Evidence-based medicine
*p ≤ 0.05 is significant