Decreased dopaminergic neurite lengths were detected in cultures exposed to IQ (A) and MeIQ (C) at 1 µM – 5 µM and to MeIQx (E) at 1 µM, while 4,8-DiMeIQx (G) did not have an effect on neurite lengths in DA neurons. DA neurons treated with 1 µM – 5 µM PhIP (I) exhibited decreased neurite lengths (n = 326 – 648 TH+ neurites/group analyzed). No changes in neurite length were detected when pan-neuronal analysis was conducted (MAP2+), suggesting that changes were specific to dopaminergic neurons (B,D,F,H,J) (n = 428 – 818). Data presented as the mean ± SEM; general linear model with Dunnett’s post-hoc test, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 compared to control. n = total number of neurites measured from 3 different experiments.