Table.
SOE for PDMPs
| Outcome | Studies, n | SOE Domains | Reference | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ROB | Directness | Consistency | Precision | SOE | Publication Bias |
|||
| PDMP implementation vs. no PDMP | ||||||||
| Nonfatal overdoses | 3 | Serious | Direct | Inconsistent | Precise | Insufficient | None detected | 28, 30, 31 |
| Fatal overdoses | 10 | Moderate | Direct | Inconsistent | Imprecise* | Low | None detected | 19–22, 27, 29, 32–35 |
| Mandatory registration or use vs. no PDMP | ||||||||
| Nonfatal overdoses | 2 | Serious | Direct | Inconsistent | Imprecise* | Insufficient | None detected | 23, 28 |
| Fatal overdoses | 5 | Moderate | Direct | Inconsistent | Imprecise* | Low | None detected | 20, 22–24, 27 |
| Mandatory provider use with pain clinic law vs. | ||||||||
| Nonfatal overdoses | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Fatal overdoses | 1 | Serious | Direct | Unknown (single study) | Imprecise* | Insufficient | None detected | 25 |
| State authorizes prescribers to access PDMP data | ||||||||
| Nonfatal overdoses | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Fatal overdoses | 2 | Moderate | Direct | Consistent | Precise | Low | None detected | 20, 22 |
| Frequency of reporting vs. no PDMP | ||||||||
| Nonfatal overdoses | 1 | Serious | Direct | Unknown (single study) | Imprecise* | Insufficient | None detected | 28 |
| Fatal overdoses | 2 | Moderate | Direct | Inconsistent | Imprecise* | Low | None detected | 19, 27 |
| Proactive reporting vs. no PDMP | ||||||||
| Nonfatal overdoses | 1 | Serious | Direct | Unknown (single study) | Imprecise* | Insufficient | None detected | 28 |
| Fatal overdoses | 1 | Moderate | Direct | Unknown (single study) | Imprecise* | Insufficient | None detected | 19 |
| Interstate sharing vs. no PDMP | ||||||||
| Nonfatal overdoses | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Fatal overdoses | 1 | Moderate | Direct | Unknown (single study) | Imprecise* | Insufficient | None detected | 19 |
| Housing agency vs. no PDMP | ||||||||
| Nonfatal overdoses | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Fatal overdoses | 1 | Moderate | Direct | Unknown (single study) | Imprecise* | Insufficient | None detected | 19 |
| Monitoring of nonscheduled drugs vs. no PDMP | ||||||||
| Nonfatal overdoses | 1 | Serious | Direct | Unknown (single study) | Imprecise* | Insufficient | None detected | 28 |
| Fatal overdoses | 2 | Direct | Consistent | Precise | Low | None detected | 19, 27 | |
| PDMP robustness vs. no PDMP | ||||||||
| Nonfatal overdoses | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Fatal overdoses | 1 | Serious | Direct | Unknown (single study) | Unknown | Insufficient | None detected | 26 |
PDMP = prescription drug monitoring program; ROB = risk of bias; SOE = strength of evidence.
*
Imprecision based on a broad CI or a CI that crosses the decisional threshold.