Figure 4.

Increases in body length are associated with increases in (a) litter size and (b) individual pup mass across 186 litters born in captivity. (a) Points represent raw data scaled to according to sample size, and lines show predicted litter size ± 95 confidence intervals from linear mixed effects models. (b) Partial residuals of individual pup mass at birth, corrected for litter size and primiparity. Points represent partial residuals estimated from linear mixed effects model. Line displays the partial effect of body length on individual pup mass, but confidence intervals are not provided as the generation of a partial effect removes variation from the fitted model. The partial residuals were standardized as they do not provide meaningful values.