Table 2.

Androgen receptor (AR) targeted therapies—FDA-approved drugs in clinic.

Drug	Target	Mechanism of action	Clinical use	Reference
Abiraterone acetate	Cytochrome P450 c17 (CYP17)	Inhibits androgen biosynthesis	Castration-resistant and high-risk castration sensitive prostate cancer (PCa)	(57)
Enzalutamide (Xtandi)	AR	Inhibits nuclear translocation of the AR	Metastasized castrate-resistant prostate cancer	(14)
Leuprolide acetate	Luteinizing hormone releasing hormone	Inhibits secretion of luteinizing hormone, androgen, and estradiol	Approved for palliative treatment of advanced PCa	(61)
R-Bicalutamide (CASODEX)	Cytosolic AR	Inhibits androgen activity by binding cytosolic ARs and stimulating AR nuclear translocation	Approved for metastasized PCa	(62)