Table 4.
Changes in rumen and urine metabolites detected by LC-MS/ToF and NMR between control and treated lambs at 20 weeks.
| Metabolite | Matrix | VIP | Change‡ | P-value | tR (min) | [M+H]+ exptl. | Δm/z in ppm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LC-MS | |||||||
| M12 | Rumen | 2.1 | ↘ | <0.001 | 3.4 | 215.10263 | -0.9 |
| M13 | Rumen | 2.1 | ↘ | <0.001 | 3.9 | 229.11750 | -3.4 |
| M10 | Rumen | 1.9 | ↘ | <0.001 | 2.9 | 199.10883 | 5.6 |
| M9 | Rumen | 1.9 | ↗ | <0.001 | 2.5 | 185.09282 | 4.0 |
| M14 | Rumen | 1.8 | ↗ | <0.001 | 5.2 | 245.11298 | -0.9 |
| M8 | Rumen | 1.7 | ↘ | <0.001 | 2.2 | 169.09685 | -1.8 |
| M11 | Rumen | 1.7 | ↘ | <0.001 | 11 | 201.12390 | 2.6 |
| Choline | Rumen | 1.0 | ↘ | <0.001 | 18.8 | 104.10701 | 0.2 |
| 3-Deoxycarnitine† | Rumen | 1.0 | ↗ | <0.001 | 18.2 | 146.11749 | 3.9 |
| Pipecolic acid | Rumen | 1.0 | ↗ | <0.001 | 13.2 | 130.08677 | -0.4 |
| Trimethylamine N-oxide | Urine | 1.4 | ↘ | <0.001 | 16.6 | 76.07569 | -2.5 |
| Taurine | Urine | 1.1 | ↘ | <0.001 | 7.8 | 126.02194 | -0.5 |
| Metabolite | Matrix | VIP | Change‡ | P-value | Chemical shifts (ppm) | ||
| NMR | |||||||
| Acetic acid | Rumen | 4.2 | ↘ | N/A∗ | 1.93 | ||
| Suberic acid | Rumen | 2.6 | ↗ | N/A | 1.30/1.55/2.16 | ||
| C-Alanine | Rumen | 1.5 | ↗ | N/A | 1.49/3.80 | ||
| Butyric acid | Rumen | 1.4 | ↘ | N/A | 0.90/1.56/2.16 | ||
| p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | Rumen | 1.3 | ↗ | N/A | 3.46/6.88/7.17 | ||
| Isobutyric acid | Rumen | 1.0 | ↗ | N/A | 1.06/2.39 | ||
| Malic acid | Rumen | 0.9 | ↗ | N/A | 2.39/2.67/4.31 | ||
| Phenylacetic acid | Rumen | 0.9 | ↗ | N/A | 3.54/7.30/7.39 | ||
| Phenylacetylglycine | Urine | 1.8 | ↗ | N/A | 3.68/3.75/7.35/7.40 | ||
| Citrate | Urine | 1.6 | ↘ | N/A | 2.51/2.68 | ||
| p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid | Urine | 1.6 | ↗ | N/A | 4.02 | ||
| Hippurate | Urine | 1.5 | ↗ | N/A | 3.95/7.54/7.62/7.82 | ||
| Ureidopropionic acid | Urine | 1.5 | ↗ | N/A | 2.39/3.32 | ||
| Acetate | Urine | 1.4 | ↗ | N/A | 1.93 | ||
| Betaine | Urine | 1.4 | ↗ | N/A | 3.26/3.91 | ||
| Lactate | Urine | 1.4 | ↗ | N/A | 1.34/4.14 | ||
| Pimelic acid | Urine | 1.4 | ↗ | N/A | 1.29/1.54/2.17 | ||
| Choline | Urine | 1.2 | ↗ | N/A | 3.52 | ||
| Isovalerylglycine | Urine | 1.2 | ↘ | N/A | 0.94/2.00/2.17 | ||
| Trimethylamine | Urine | 1.2 | ↗ | N/A | 3.28 | ||
| Creatine | Urine | 0.8 | ↘ | N/A | 3.03/3.91 | ||
‡Change in treated compared to non-treated. ∗N/A, not applicable because the signals for each molecule are split in several small fractions. †Also named 4-Trimethylammoniobutanoic acid.