Table 1. Clinical studies about the association of BMI with mortality in diabetes (>1,000 subjects & follow-up >4 years).
| Study | Study type | Population/location | No. of study size | Endpoint | Follow-up, yr | BMI with best outcome, kg/m2 | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kokkinos et al. (2012) [12] | Prospective | United States, men | 4,156 | Total mortality | 7.5 | ≥25 | Inverse association |
| Tseng (2013) [13] | Prospective | Taiwan | 89,056 | Total mortality, cancer or non-cancer mortality | 12 | 25–29.9 | Inverse association |
| Jackson et al. (2014) [14] | Prospective | United States | 2,035 | Total mortality | 9 | 31.03–54.92 | Inverse association |
| Thomas et al. (2014) [15] | Retrospective | United Kingdom | 47,509 | Total mortality | 5 | ≥30 | Inverse association |
| Zoppini et al. (2003) [16] | Retrospective | Italy | 3,398 | Total mortality, CV mortality, cancer mortality | 10 | Old age ≥29.9, Young age <30.9 | Age ≥65 years, inverse association; age <65 years, direct association |
| Mulnier et al. (2006) [17] | Case-control | United Kingdom | 28,725 | Total mortality | 7 | 25–29 | U-shaped association |
| Logue et al. (2013) [18] | Retrospective | United Kingdom | 106,640 | Total mortality, CV mortality | 5 | 25–30 | U-shaped association |
| Zhao et al. (2014) [19] | Prospective | United States | 34,832 | Total mortality | 8.7 | 30–34.9 | U-shaped association |
| Lee et al. (2017) [20] | Prospective | Korea | 905,877 | Total mortality | 10.5 | New diagnosed DM 25–29.4, prevalent DM 26.5–29.4 | U-shaped association |
| Carnethon et al. (2012) [21] | Patient data meta-analysis | United States | 2,625 | Total mortality, CV or non-CV mortality | 27,125 PY | ≥25 | NW associated with higher mortality than OW or OB |
| Costanzo et al. (2015) [22] | Prospective | United Kingdom | 10,568 | Total mortality | 10.6 | 25–29.9 | OW associated with lower mortality risk, but OB was not |
| Chaturvedi et al. (1995) [23] | Prospective | Europeans, East Asians, Native Americans | 2,960 | Total mortality | 13 | No association | |
| Church et al. (2004) [24] | Prospective | United States | 2,196 | Total mortality | 14.6 | No association | |
| Sluik et al. (2011) [26] | Prospective | Europe | 5,435 | Total mortality, CV mortality | 9.3 | No association | |
| Bozorgmanesh et al. (2014) [25] | Prospective | Iran | 1,322 | Total mortality | 9.1 | No association | |
| Eeg-Olofsson et al. (2009) [27] | Prospective | Sweden | 13,087 | Total mortality | 5.6 | <30 | Direct association |
| Tobias et al. (2014) [28] | Prospective | United States | 11,427 | Total mortality, CV mortality | 15.8 | 22.5–24.9 | Direct association (never smoked) |
| Badrick et al. (2017) [29] | Prospective | United Kingdom | 10,464 | Total mortality | 8.7 | 22.5–24.9 | Increased mortality risk from BMI >25 kg/m2 (never smoked) |
BMI, body mass index; CV, cardiovascular; DM, diabetes mellitus; PY, person-years; NW, normal weight; OW, overweight; OB, obese.