Table 6.
Summary of effects of aluminum on the activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate synthase (GOGAT), and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH): (-) inhibition, (+) stimulation, (0) no change, and (N) not studied.
| Taxon | Al (μM) | Al duration | Effects | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | Shoot | ||||
| Triticum aestivum | 10–100 | 5 days | GS: + | GS: + | Kertész et al., 2002; Pécsváradi et al., 2009 |
| Zea mays | 166 | 3–9 days | GS: -; NADH-GDH: +; GOGAT: 0 | GS: 0; NADH-GDH: -; GOGAT: 0 | Purcino et al., 2003 |
| Zea mays | 100 | 15 days | GS, NADH-GDH: (dependent on genotypes and N source) | N | Mihailovic et al., 2015 |
| Lotus japonicus | 102–104 | 24 h, 72 h | GS and GOGAT: - | N | Pal’ove-Balang and Mistrík, 2007, 2011 |
| Helianthus annuus | 100 | 15 days | N | GS and GOGAT: - | Ruiz et al., 2007 |
| Oryza sativa | 160–320 | 5–20 | GS: -; NADH-GDH: + | GS: -; NADH-GDH: + | Mishra and Dubey, 2011a |
astudy was conducted using sand culture irrigated with nutrient solutions. Other studies were conducted using hydroponic systems.