Radiographical analysis of BMP2-induced bone formation quantified 2 weeks after delivery of AdBMP2-transduced cells in C57BL/6 mice that have been previously exposed to AdEmpty-transduced cells, cells alone, or vehicle (saline). (A) Three-dimensional reconstructions of the microCT images of heterotopic bone in mouse hindlimb with corresponding representative Hematoxylin and Eosin-stained photomicrographs. (B) Quantification of bone volume from microCT analysis. The graph depicts sample (n = 3) averages and error bars of SEM. ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test was performed. *** indicates statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.0015). (C) Three-dimensional microCT reconstruction of heterotopic bone formed 2 weeks after delivery of AdBMP2-transduced cells in C57BL/6 mice that have been exposed to AdEmpty-transduced cells or vehicle (saline) 2 days, 2 weeks, and 5 weeks prior. (D) Quantification of bone volume from microCT analysis. The graph depicts sample (n = 3) averages and SEM. * indicates statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.01). ANOVA, analysis of variance; microCT, microcomputed tomography; SEM, standard error of the mean.