Table 3.
Urine analysis findings and their association with urine culture positivity among children seen at OPD of Hawassa University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, 2015.
| Variable | Urine Culture | P-value | Crude OR (95% | Adjusted OR | ||
| No (%) | Yes (%) | CI) | (95% CI) | |||
| White Blood Cell (per HPF) | <0.0001 | |||||
| Less than 5 cells | 152(93.3) | 11(6.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| More than 5 cells | 43(40.6) | 63(59.4) | 20.2(10.2–43.7)* | 4.7(1.8–12.7) | ||
| Urine PH | 0.0005 | |||||
| PH less than 5.0 | 120(81.1) | 28(18.9) | 1 | 1 | ||
| PH 5.0 and above | 75(62.0) | 46(38.0) | 2.6(1.5–4.6)* | 2.6(1.2–5.8) | ||
| Urine Specific Gravity | 0.975 | |||||
| 1.0 – 1.015 | 61(72.6) | 23(27.4) | 1 | - | ||
| 1.020 – 1.030 | 134(72.4) | 51(27.6) | 1.0(0.6–1.8) | |||
| Red Blood Cells (per HPF) | 0.123 | |||||
| Less than 5 cells | 168(74.3) | 58(25.7) | 1 | - | ||
| More than 5 cells | 27(62.8) | 16(37.2) | 1.7(0.9–3.0) | |||
| Cast | <0.0001 | |||||
| No cast | 189(77.5) | 55(22.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Cellular or Granular | 6(24.0) | 19(76.0) | 10.9(5.0–25.9)* | 2.5(0.7–9.5) | ||
| Nitrite | 0.006† | |||||
| Negative | 195(73.6) | 70(26.4) | ||||
| Positive | 0 | 4(100) | ||||
| Leukocyte Esterase | <0.0001 | |||||
| Negative | 180(89.6) | 21(10.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Positive | 15(22.1) | 53(77.9) | 30.3(15.0–64.9)* | 9.9(4.1–25.7) | ||
| Urinary Crystals | 0.437† | |||||
| None | 190(73.1) | 70(26.9) | ||||
| Yes | 5(55.6) | 4(44.4) | ||||
| Urine protein | ||||||
| None | 172(76.4) | 53(23.6) | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Trace | 14(70.0) | 6(30.0) | 0.519 | 1.4(0.5–3.7) | 1.4(0.3–5.1) | |
| More than 1+ | 9(37.5) | 15(62.5) | 0.0002 | 5.4(2.3–13.6)* | 1.5(0.4–5.4) | |
| Urine Glucose | 0.899† | |||||
| None | 192(72.7) | 72(27.3) | ||||
| Trace and above | 3(60.0) | 2(40.0) | ||||
HPF: high power filed,
*
p-value <0.05;
†
bivariate logistic regression was not done as there are zero or few cases in a category.