Table 5.

Relationship between pain level and GS (IADL, BADL, any dependency in ADL, depression, and memory problems) by logistic regression analysis

Model	Variable	OR	95% CI		p-value
			Lower	Upper
Any dependency in IADLa	Age	1.138	1.076	1.203	0.000
	Gender (male)	1.330	0.683	2.589	0.402
	Memory problems	1.386	0.712	2.699	0.337
	Depression	5.028	2.466	10.252	0.000
	Pain level (0–10)	1.129	0.967	1.317	0.124
Any dependency in BADLb	Age	1.099	1.041	1.160	0.001
	Gender (male)	0.609	0.284	1.307	0.203
	Memory problems	0.737	0.343	1.584	0.434
	Depression	6.330	2.924	13.700	0.000
	Pain level (0–10)	1.405	1.154	1.711	0.001
Any dependency in ADLc	Age	1.139	1.076	1.205	0.000
	Gender (male)	1.421	0.721	2.802	0.310
	Memory problems	1.349	0.684	2.660	0.388
	Depression	6.024	2.877	12.611	0.000
	Pain level (0–10)	1.157	0.989	1.353	0.069
Depressed or sad in the past 2 months	Age	1.007	0.960	1.057	0.771
	Gender (male)	0.620	0.324	1.189	0.150
	Memory problems	3.253	1.752	6.041	0.000
	Depression	5.969	2.863	12.447	0.000
	Pain level (0–10)	1.076	0.924	1.253	0.346
Memory loss	Age	0.992	0.948	1.039	0.742
	Gender (male)	0.770	0.423	1.402	0.393
	Memory problems	3.248	1.749	6.031	0.000
	Depression	1.396	0.708	2.755	0.336
	Pain level (0–10)	1.114	0.968	1.281	0.132

Notes:

^aAny dependency in IADL—if the answer to one of the IADL (instrumental activities of daily living) questions (shopping or preparing food) was positive.

^bAny dependency in BADL—if the answer to one of the BADL questions (dressing, washing, shopping, or preparing food) was positive.

^cAny dependency in ADL—if the answer to one of the ADL questions (dressing, washing, shopping, or preparing food) was positive.

Abbreviations: ADL, activities of daily living; BADL, basic activities of daily living; BPI, Brief Pain Inventory; CI, confidence interval; GS, geriatric syndromes; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; OR, odds ratio