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. 2018 Jun 21;13:1979–1986. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S146914

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© 2018 Miller et al. This work is published by Dove Medical Press Limited, and licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License

The full terms of the License are available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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Prevalence of cardiovascular disease by diagnostic group.

Abbreviations: FR, fixed ratio (FEV₁/FVC<0.7); LLN, lower limit of normal (FEV₁/FVC<5th percentile); FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity.