Table 3.

Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from stepwise random effect models of time, demographics, problem severity and service utilization regressed on composite indicator of low social status across waves

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Time	0.580**	(0.469–0.718)	0.603**	(0.487–0.745)	1.003	(0.762–1.322)
Time-squared	1.070**	(1.037–1.104)	1.065**	(1.032–1.099)	1.024	(0.987–1.061)
Effects on intercept
Less than high school educationa			3.423**	(1.556–7.527)	3.380**	(1.491–7.662)
Male			0.588+	(0.329–1.054)	0.517*	(0.282–0.947)
Married/partneredb			0.569+	(0.315–1.027)	0.558+	(0.304–1.027)
Minority race/ethnicityc			2.354**	(1.296–4.272)	2.417**	(1.304–4.481)
Type of treatment program at recruitmentd
Other outpatient			1.130	(0.490–2.603)	1.044	(0.443–2.462)
Hospital inpatient			7.798**	(3.633–16.74)	6.679**	(3.018–14.78)
Long-term residential			4.925**	(1.667–14.55)	4.724**	(1.548–14.41)
Detoxification			21.480**	(7.907–58.36)	18.150**	(6.486–50.79)
ASI alcohol problem severity					2.586*	(1.156–5.785)
Any drug problemse					2.707**	(1.607–4.558)
Any psychiatric problemse					1.476+	(0.999–2.180)
# of AA meetings attended past year					1.004*	(1.000–1.007)
Went to treatment in past yearf					2.122**	(1.443–3.121)
Effects on linear slopeg
Any drug problems					0.821**	(0.726–0.928)
# of AA meetings attended past year					0.999**	(0.998–1.000)
Constant	7.362**	(4.899–11.06)	2.070*	(1.069–4.007)	0.358*	(0.150–0.852)
/lnsig2u	2.080	(1.784–2.376)	1.716	(1.407–2.030)	1.756	(1.437–2.070)
sigma_u	2.830	(2.442–3.280)	2.358	(2.020–2.750)	2.406	(2.052–2.820)
Rho	0.709	(0.644–0.766)	0.628	(0.554–0.700)	0.638	(0.561–0.710)
Observations	1,900		1,895		1,855
Number of cases	491		490		488

*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ⁺P < 0.1.

^aReferent: At least a high school diploma or GED.

^bReferent: Single, divorced or widowed.

^cReferent: White/Caucasian.

^dReferent: HMO Outpatient.

^eReferent: No problems.

^fReferent: Did not go to treatment in past year.

^g Note: Interaction with Time.