Table 4.
Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from random effect models of time, demographics, problem severity and service utilization regressed on three indicators of low social status across waves
| Unstable housing | Unemployed | High-poverty neighborhood | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Time | 1.032 | (0.744–1.431) | 0.941 | (0.738–1.200) | 1.109 | (0.791–1.554) |
| Time-squared | 0.994 | (0.952–1.038) | 1.024 | (0.992–1.057) | 0.994 | (0.951–1.038) |
| Effects on intercept | ||||||
| Less than high school educationa | 1.514 | (0.881–2.601) | 4.214** | (2.253–7.882) | 3.678* | (1.300–10.41) |
| Male | 2.608** | (1.573–4.323) | 0.503** | (0.314–0.805) | 1.873 | (0.795–4.416) |
| Married/partneredb | 0.330** | (0.188–0.580) | 0.646+ | (0.400–1.043) | 0.622 | (0.256–1.514) |
| Minority race/ethnicityc | 1.672* | (1.031–2.714) | 0.976 | (0.607–1.570) | 28.610** | (11.69–70.01) |
| Type of treatment program at recruitmentd | ||||||
| Other outpatient | 3.557** | (1.496–8.457) | 1.297 | (0.645–2.610) | 0.954 | (0.246–3.701) |
| Hospital inpatient | 5.468** | (2.685–11.14) | 6.633** | (3.579–12.30) | 2.542+ | (0.869–7.432) |
| Long-term residential | 18.070** | (7.485–43.61) | 4.782** | (1.996–11.46) | 2.107 | (0.453–9.793) |
| Detoxification | 17.220** | (8.099–36.62) | 8.842** | (4.247–18.41) | 10.970** | (3.061–39.35) |
| ASI alcohol problem severity | 1.059 | (0.471–2.384) | 2.329* | (1.187–4.567) | 1.394 | (0.548–3.547) |
| Any drug problemse | 1.673+ | (0.960–2.915) | 2.525** | (1.620–3.937) | 1.043 | (0.548–1.986) |
| Any psychiatric problemse | 1.373 | (0.850–2.218) | 1.267 | (0.894–1.796) | 1.288 | (0.779–2.131) |
| # of AA meetings attended past year | 1.000 | (0.997–1.003) | 1.003+ | (1.000–1.005) | 0.999 | (0.996–1.003) |
| Went to treatment in past yearf | 2.594** | (1.708–3.938) | 1.760** | (1.264–2.449) | 1.063 | (0.673–1.679) |
| Effects on linear slopeg | ||||||
| Any drug problems | 0.892 | (0.770–1.034) | 0.885* | (0.796–0.985) | 1.015 | (0.875–1.177) |
| # of AA meetings attended past year | 1.000 | (0.999–1.001) | 0.999* | (0.998–1.000) | 1.000 | (0.999–1.001) |
| Constant | 0.004** | (0.002–0.012) | 0.204** | (0.099–0.419) | 0.004* | (0.001–0.015) |
| /lnsig2u | 0.586 | (0.076–1.100) | 1.251 | (0.939–1.560) | 2.605 | (2.277–2.930) |
| sigma_u | 1.340 | (1.039–1.730) | 1.869 | (1.599–2.190) | 3.678 | (3.122–4.330) |
| Rho | 0.353 | (0.247–0.480) | 0.515 | (0.437–0.590) | 0.804 | (0.748–0.850) |
| Observations | 1,871 | 1,867 | 1,824 | |||
| Number of cases | 497 | 497 | 467 | |||
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, +P < 0.1.
aReferent: At least a high school diploma or GED.
bReferent: Single, divorced or widowed.
cReferent: White/Caucasian.
dReferent: HMO Outpatient.
eReferent: No problems.
fReferent: Did not go to treatment in past year.
gNote: Interaction with time.