Table 8.

Body-of-Evidence Qualitative Analysis for Combined Practice^a

Study	Practice Combination	Quality Rating	Effect Size Rating
Bareford et al, 199085	Education, feedback	Poor (study excluded)	Cannot be determined
Baricchi et al, 201286	Education, LTU	Fair	Minimalb
Calderon-Margalit et al, 200587	Education, feedback, LTU	Good	Substantialb
Dowling et al, 198988	Education, feedback	Good	Minimalb
Gilmour et al, 201589	Education, reflex	Fair	Cannot be determined
Isofina et al, 201390	CDSS, education	Poor (study excluded)	Cannot be determined
Hutton et al, 200991	CPOE modification, education, LTU	Fair	Cannot be determined
Janssens et al, 201592	CPOE modification, LTU	Good	Minimal
Kroenke et al, 198793	Education, feedback	Good	Minimalb
Larochelle et al, 201494	CPOE modification, CDSS, education	Good	Cannot be determined
Lum, 200695	Education, test review, LTU	Fair	Cannot be determined
MacPherson et al, 200596	Education, LTU	Fair	Cannot be determined
McNicoll et al, 201597	Education, feedback	Good	Moderateb
Minerowicz et al, 201598	Education, feedback	Good	Substantialb
Newman et al, 201599	Education, feedback	Good	Moderate
Riley et al, 2015100	CPOE modification, test review	Fair	Cannot be determined
Roggeman et al, 2014101	CDSS, education	Fair	Cannot be determined
Rosenbloom et al, 2005102	CPOE modification, CDSS	Fair	Cannot be determined
Samuelson et al, 2015103	CDSS, reflex	Good	Minimal
Spiegel et al, 1989104	Feedback, LTU	Fair	Cannot be determined
Thomas et al, 2006105	Education, feedback	Fair	Minimalb
Tomlin et al, 2011106	Education, feedback	Good	Minimalb
Vegting et al, 2012107	CPOE modification, eduaction, feedback	Fair	Cannot be determined
Vidyarthi et al, 2015108	Education, feedback	Good	Cannot be determined
Wang et al, 2002109	CDSS, education, LTU	Good	Cannot be determined
Warren, 2013110	CDSS, LTU	Fair	Cannot be determined
White et al, 2013111	CPOE modification, CDSS	Good	Minimal

CDSS, clinical decision support systems; CPOE, computerized provider order entry; LTU, laboratory test utilization.

^aOverall strength of evidence of effectiveness rating is “moderate”: 2 studies were good/substantial, 2 studies were good/moderate, 6 studies were good/minimal, 2 studies were fair/minimal, 13 studies were standard effect measure cannot be determined, and 2 studies were excluded.

^b P < .05.