Table 2.

t-Test Results for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Emotional Measures (N = 22)

	Pretest		Posttest
Variable	M	SD	M	SD	95% CI for mean difference	d	t	df
Primary
Irritability scale	44.95	6.47	40.97	8.29	−7.14 to −0.82,	0.57++	−2.62*	20
Secondary
ERC
Lability	41.64	6.06	34.68	6.81	−30.39 to −23.79	0.85+++	−4.00**	21
Regulationa	23.09	4.15	24.45	2.53	−0.72 to −3.44	0.29+	1.36	21
DES–IV
Anger	9.95	2.57	8.70	2.83	−2.83 to −0.07	0.55++	−2.20*	19
Surprise	10.00	2.23	8.30	2.52	−3.33 to −0.17	0.49++	−2.31*	19
Shame	10.23	2.84	8.95	2.67	−2.86 to −0.24	0.56++	−2.46*	19
Interest	10.36	3.14	9.55	2.82	−3.22 to 0.82	0.27+	−1.24	19
Joy	10.45	2.70	9.75	2.88	−2.18 to 1.28	0.12	−0.54	19
Sadness	9.05	2.61	12.0	7.80	−3.09 to 0.29	0.39+	−1.73	19
Disgust	8.32	2.77	15.0	7.75	−1.90 to 0.90	0.18	−0.75	19
Contempt	7.50	2.87	11.0	6.80	−2.01 to 0.91	0.18	−0.79	19
Hostility	7.27	2.75	14.0	6.70	−2.29 to 0.89	0.21+	−0.92	19
Fear	1.18	3.16	13.0	6.85	−2.63 to 1.23	0.17	−0.76	19
Shyness	8.36	3.11	12.0	7.50	−2.85 to 0.65	0.30+	−1.32	19
Guilt	9.0	2.51	12.0	8.50	−1.70 to 0.51	0.25+	−1.13	19
PANAS-C
Negative affect	37.55	9.90	32.36	12.27	−8.18 to −0.14	0.50++	−2.17*	18
Positive affecta	44.18	9.26	42.11	8.61	−7.11 to 2.48	0.23+	−1.01	18
ADHD
Hyperactivity	17.09	6.04	10.36	7.35	−10.09 to −3.36	0.89+++	−4.16**	21
Inattention	22.77	4.18	12.0	5.94	−14.12 to −7.43	1.43+++	−6.71**	21
Raw score	39.86	8.21	22.36	12.63	−23.67 to −11.33	1.26+++	−5.91**	21

^aReverse scored.

^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.001 two-tailed significance.

Effect size: +, small (0.20); ++, medium (0.50); +++ large (0.80).

ADHD, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CI, confidence interval; d, Cohen's d; DES-IV, Differential Emotions Scale-IV; df, degrees of freedom; ERC, Emotion Regulation Checklist; M, mean; PANAS-C, Positive and Negative Affectivity Scale for Children; SD, standard deviation; t, t-statistic.