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mRNA expression and secretion of cytokines by mouse calvarial tissue after implantation of UHMWPE particles and treatment with saline (control), metformin, or ALN. Relative (to that in the sham group) expression of TNF-α, IL-6, RANKL, and IL-10 (a, c, e, g, respectively) and secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, RANKL, and IL-10 (b, d, f, h, respectively) among the different treatment groups. ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01; *P < 0.05; NS, P > 0.05
