Table 2.
Effect of radiation on the invasion of cancer cells in Matrigel-coated two-compartment chambers in vitro
| Cancer cells | Radiation | Invasion | Molecular | Inhibitor | Ref | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Origin | Code | Mode | Dose | IR/Ctrl | |||
| Glioblastoma | U87MG; LN-18; LN-229 | 137Cs | 6 Gy | 5; 3; 3.7 | MMP; BcL-2 | (Wild-Bode et al., 2001) | |
| LN-229; U87MG | 137Cs | 6 Gy | 1.5; 1.7 | αvβ3 integrin | temozolomide | (Wick et al., 2002) | |
| A-172; U-138 | 240 kV | 8 Gy | 0.07; 1 | (Cordes et al., 2003) | |||
| U251; U373; LN18; LN428 | 137Cs | 5 Gy | 1.5; 1 | EGFR/Src | (Park et al., 2006a) | ||
| UN3; GM2 | nm | 6 Gy | 2.2; 2.2 | IGF-1/Rho | (Zhai et al., 2006a) | ||
| U87 | MV | 3 Gy | 1.7 | Wnt/βCTN | XAV939 | (Dong et al., 2015a) | |
| U251 | 200 kV | 10 Gy | 1.3 | MMP/TIMP | Paputilone | (Furmanova-Hollenstein et al., 2013) | |
| C6L* | 137Cs | 3 Gy | 2 | EMT markers | (Park et al., 2012) | ||
| Meduloblastoma | DA0Y; D283 | RS 2000 | 7 Gy | 1.5; 1.5 | uPAR; β1/FAK | (Nalla et al., 2010) | |
| Neuroblastoma | SH-EP; SK-N-SH; SH-SY5Y; SK-N-AS; NLF | 200 kV | 6 Gy | 4; 2.5; 4; 1; 1 | HGF/Met | (Schweigerer et al., 2005) | |
| Meningioma | IOMM-Lee | 150 kV | 5 Gy | 1.8 | uPAR | (Kargiotis et al., 2008) | |
| Pancreatic Ca | Panc-1; Suit-2; Hs766T | 137Cs | 10 Gy | 2.0; 1.6; 1 | MMP-2 | CGS27023A | (Qian et al., 2002) |
| Panc-1; AsPC-1; Suit-2 | 137Cs | 10 Gy | 1.5; 1.3; 1.4 | HGF/Met | NK4 | (Qian et al., 2003) | |
| PANC-1; AsPC-1; BxPC-3; MIAPaCa-2 | C-ion | 2 Gy | 4; 0.5; 0.3; 0.1 | MMP2 | GM6001 | (Fujita et al., 2012) | |
| PANC-1 | C-ion | 2 Gy | 2.5 | NO/PI3K | Table 1 | (Fujita et al., 2014a) | |
| AsPC-1, BxPC-3, MIAPaCa-2 | C-ion | 2 Gy | 0.01 | Rac1/RhoA | (Fujita et al., 2015a) | ||
| MIA-PaCa; PANC-1 | X-ray | 4 Gy | 3; 1.6 | MMP-2 | GM6001 | (Fujita et al., 2011) | |
| Lung SCC | EBC-1 | C-ion | 2 Gy | 0.6 | (Akino et al., 2009) | ||
| EBC-1 | 4MV | 2 Gy | 1.2 | (Akino et al., 2009) | |||
| Lung Adenoca | A549 | C-ion | 2 Gy | 0.4 | ANLN | (Akino et al., 2009) | |
| A459 | 4 MV | 2 Gy | 0.5 | (Akino et al., 2009) | |||
| A459 | 137Cs | 10 Gy | 2.5 | Bcl-xl/STAT3 | (Ho et al., 2010a) | ||
| A549 | C-ion | 10 Gy | 0.2 | PI3K/Akt | (Ogata et al., 2011) | ||
| 4 Mv | 10 Gy | 0.5 | |||||
| A549 | 60Co | 2 Gy | × 1.5 | MMPs | (Zhou et al., 2012) | ||
| A459; H1299 | MV | 4 Gy | 0.7; 0.7 | TBK1 | MG132 | (Liu et al., 2014c) | |
| A549; HT1299 | 137Cs | 3 × 2 Gy | 1.5; 1.5 | G-CSF | (Cui et al., 2015a) | ||
| H1299; A459; H460 | MV | 2 Gy | 1.5; 2; 1.2 | CXCR4 | (Gu et al., 2015a) | ||
| A549 | 137Cs | 10 Gy | × 1.8 | EGFR | Gefitinib; PPA | (Cho et al., 2016a) | |
| A549; H460 | X-ray | 4 Gy | × 1.5; × 1.4 | Nrf2/Notch | (Parthymou et al., 2004; Zhao et al., 2017) | ||
| LLC-LM* | 60Co | 7,5 Gy | × 3,5 | MMP9 | (Chou et al., 2012) | ||
| Mammary Ca | MCF7 | 60Co | 2 Gy | × 1.4 | TGF- β | (Zhou et al., 2011a) | |
| MCF7; SKBR3 | 137Cs | 3 × 2 Gy | × 5; 4.3 | SRC/PI3K | (Kim et al., 2015) | ||
| MCF7 | 137Cs | 5 Gy | × 2 | NBS1/HIF-1a | (Kuo et al., 2015a) | ||
| MCF7; MDA-MB-231 | 5 Gy | 1.7 | TGF- β | Thymoquinone | (Rajput et al., 2015a) | ||
| MDA-MB-231 | 5 Gy | × 2 | (Vilalta et al., 2014) | ||||
| MCF7 | 137 Cs | 2 Gy | × 1.6 | EMT | histamine | (Galarza et al., 2016) | |
| MDA-MB-231, | 6 MV | 10 Gy | × 2 | Met | PHA665752 | (De Bacco et al., 2011a) | |
| MCF-7 | X-ray | 20 × 1 Gy | × 5 | Snail; twist | (Zhang et al., 2011) | ||
| 4 T1* | 137Cs | 20 Gy | × 3.5 | GM-CSF | (Vilalta et al., 2014) | ||
| Prostatic Ca | PC-3; DU145 | 6 MV | 5 × 2 Gy | ×2 | PI3K/AKT | BEZ235 | (Chang et al., 2013) |
| Oral Ca | OECM1 | 137Cs | 5 Gy | × 2.4 | (Kuo et al., 2015a) | ||
| Esophageal. .SCC | KYSE-150 | 150 kV | 37 Gy | × 1.3 | PTEN | (He et al., 2015a) | |
| TE-9 | 125 kV | 2 Gy | 15 | TGF- β | metformin | (Nakayama et al., 2016) | |
| Hepatoma | HepG2; Huh7; | 60Co | 7.5 Gy | × 3 | PI3K | (Cheng et al., 2006a) | |
| Colon Ca | CaR1; DLD1 | 100 kV | 5 Gy | 6.5; 4.3 | EMT | (Kawamoto et al., 2012) | |
| HCT116 | 137Cs | 4 Gy | × 1.7 | MMP | (Speake et al., 2005) | ||
| HT29 | 137Cs | 5 Gy | 2 | βCTN/TCF | (Bastos et al., 2014) | ||
| Cervical Ca | Siha; C33A | X-ray | 75 Gy | × 3; 3 | NF-kB p65 | (Yan et al., 2013a) | |
| Fibrosarcoma | HT180 | proton | 2 Gy | 0.2 | MMP-2 | (Ogata et al., 2005) | |
| C-ion | 2 Gy | 0.2 | MMP-2 | ||||
| 4 MV | 2 Gy | × 1.6 or 1 | MMP-2 | GM6001 | |||
| HT1080 | 137Cs | 4 Gy | × 1.5 | MMP-2 & 9 | (Speake et al., 2005) | ||
| HT180 | 200 kV | 2 Gy | × 1.5 | MMP/TIMP | patupilone | (Furmanova-Hollenstein et al., 2013) | |
| Melanoma | B16* | 137Cs | 8 Gy | × 3 | MMP-2 | Metastat | (Kaliski et al., 2005) |
Most cell lines are human, except cell lines marked by an asterisks which are rodent. Inhibitors comprise agents that were used clinically, namely: BEZ235, an imidazoquinolone derivative and an inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR; CGS27023A, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor and anti-metastatic agent; Gefitinib, tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting EGFR; GM6001, a broad -spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor known as galardin; Histamine, a biogenic amine that targets four (H1–H4) histamine subtypes G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR); Metastat, a chemically modified tetracycline and inhibitor of gelatinase and MMP; Metformin, an anti-diabetic; MG132, a specific proteasome inhibitor; NK4, a four-kringle antagonist of hepatocyte growth factor and an angiogenesis inhibitor; Patupilone, a microtubule stabilizing drug; PHA665752, an ATP-competitive small-molecule inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase c-Met; PPA, Podophyllotoxin acetate, a microtubule inhibitor and a spindle poison; temozolomide, an alkylating chemotherapeutic drug; Thymoquinone, a regulator of NF- kB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. Abbreviations: Akt, protein kinase B; ANLN, human homologue of anailin; b1, beta1 integrin subunit, b-CTN, beta-catenin; BcL-2, B-cell lymphoma 2; BclxL, B-cell lymphoma-extra large; C-ion, carbon-ions; Ca, carcinoma; Co, cobalt; Cs, cesium; Ctrl, unirradiated control; CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; GCSF, granulocyte colony stimulating factor; Gy, gray; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; IGF1, insulin-like growth factor-1; Met, tyrosine-protein kinase Met; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; nm, not mentioned; NO, nitric oxide; Nrf2, Nuclear factor E2 related factor 2; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PPA, Podophyllotoxin acetate; Rho, Ras homolog gene family member; SCC: squamous cell carcinoma; Src,sarcoma family kinase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TBK1, tank-binding kinase 1; TCF, T-cell factor; TGFb, transforming growth factor beta; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase; TGF-b, transforming growth factor beta; uPAR, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor; Wnt, Wingless-related integration site; XAV 939, a selective β-catenin-mediated transcription inhibitor