Table 3.
Effect of radiation on local invasion or metastasis of rodent and human cancer cell lines as tested in syngeneic and in xenogeneic mice respectively
| Radiation | Inoculum | Score (Ir/Ctrl) | Molecular | Ref | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Target | Mode | Dose | Code | Origin | Site | |||
| Syngeneic | ||||||||
| Cancer cells | ||||||||
| 137 Cs | 3 Gy | 9 L | glioma | intracaranial | 40d | αvβ3 | (Wild-Bode et al., 2001) | |
| C-ion | 5 Gy | LM8 | osteosarcoma | subcutaneous | 0.6 | (Ogata et al., 2005) | ||
| C-ion | 5 Gy | LM8 | osteosarcoma | intravenous | 0.4 | (Ogata et al., 2005) | ||
| 4 MV | 10 Gy | LM8 | osteosarcoma | subcutaneous | 1 | (Ogata et al., 2005) | ||
| 4 MV | 10 Gy | LM8 | osteosarcoma | intravenous | 0.4 | (Ogata et al., 2005) | ||
| nm | 3 Gy | 9 L | glioma | intracaranial | 2.4d | IGFR1 | (Zhai et al., 2006a) | |
| CAF | ||||||||
| 137 Cs | 10 Gy | Suit_2/CAF | pancreatic ca | intrapancreas | 2.5d | Met | (Ohuchida et al., 2004) | |
| nm | 4 Gy | PC/CAFCM | Pancreatic ca | intravenous | 4 | CXCL12 | (Li et al., 2016a) | |
| Mammary f. p. | ||||||||
| MV | 4 × 6 Gy | D2A1/FUCCI | mammary ca | mammary f.p. | 1.8d | COX2; IL6 | (Bouchard et al., 2013) | |
| MV | 4 × 6 Gy | D2A1/FUCCI | mammary ca | mammary f.p. | 2c | (Bouchard et al., 2013) | ||
| MV | 4 × 6 Gy | D2A1/FUCCI | mammary ca | mammary f.p. | 2.4 | (Bouchard et al., 2013) | ||
| MV | 4 × 6 Gy | D2A1/FUCCI | mammary ca | intravenous | 1 | (Bouchard et al., 2013) | ||
| 125 kV | 20 Gy | AT1 | mammary ca | mammary f.p. | 6d | HIF/KITL | (Kuonen et al., 2012b) | |
| 125 kV | 20 Gy | AT1 | mammary ca | mammary f.p. | 8b | |||
| 125 kV | 20 Gy | AT1 | mammary ca | mammary f.p. | 6 | |||
| Thorax | ||||||||
| 300 kV | 10 Gy | MMT/PyVmT | mammary ca | intravenous | 4 | TGFβ | (Biswas et al., 2007) | |
| 300 kV | 10 Gy | MMT/PyVmT | mammary ca | mammary f.p. | 17c | TGFβ | (Biswas et al., 2007) | |
| 300 kV | 10 Gy | MMT/PyVmT | mammary ca | mammary f.p. | 17 | TGFβ | (Biswas et al., 2007) | |
| 60 Co | 1 × 15 Gy | TS/A | mammary ca | intravenous | 2.5 | (Klein et al., 2016) | ||
| 60 Co | 1 X15 Gy | B16/F10 | melanoma | intravenous | 2.3 | uPA;CCL2 | ||
| Partial lung | ||||||||
| 220 kV | 10 Gy | 4 T1 | mammary ca | mammary f.p. | 3 | (Feys et al., 2015) | ||
| Abdomen | ||||||||
| 6 MeV | 2 Gy | CT26 | colon ca | intravenous | > 1 | (Timaner et al., 2015) | ||
| Total Body | ||||||||
| 60 Co | 10 Gy | B16/F10 | melanoma | subcutaneous | 2 | (Klein et al., 2016) | ||
| Tumor | ||||||||
| 250 kV | 10 × 0.6 Gy | KLN-205 | sarcoma | subcutaneous | 1a | (Baker et al., 1981) | ||
| 137 Cs | 5 × 10 Gy | LLC-LM | lung ca | subcutaneous | 10 | (Camphausen et al., 2001) | ||
| 137 Cs | 5 × 10 Gy | T241 | fibrosarcoma | subcutaneous | 14 | angiosatin | (Camphausen et al., 2001) | |
| 6 MV | 8 Gy | ALT-S1C1 | glioma | intracranial | 0.7 | (Wang et al., 2013) | ||
| 60Co | 5 × 10 Gy | LLC-M | lung ca | subcutaneous | 5 | MMP9 | (Chou et al., 2012) | |
| Xenogeneic | ||||||||
| Cancer cells | ||||||||
| 60Co | 7.5 Gy | HepG2 | Hepatoma | intrahepatic | 3d | MMP9 | (Cheng et al., 2006a) | |
| 60Co | 4 Gy | CHO1 | Fibrosarcoma | intravenous | 5 | (Hamalukic et al., 2011a) | ||
| MV | 6 Gy | CaSki | Cervical ca | intravenous | 1.6 | Ras | (Su et al., 2012) | |
| MV | 2 Gy | HT1299 | Lung ca | intravenous | 6a | CXCR4 | (Gu et al., 2015a) | |
| Inoculation site | ||||||||
| 220 kV | 20 Gy | R18 | Melanoma | intradermal | 2b | O2/uPAR | (Rofstad et al., 2005) | |
| 220 kV | 20 Gy | D12 | Melanoma | intradermal | 2 | O2/IL8 | (Rofstad et al., 2005) | |
| 220 kV | 20 Gy | SCCVII | Oral ca | subcutaneous | 3.5 | CYR61; αvβ5 | (Monnier et al., 2008) | |
| 220 kV | 20 Gy | HCT116 | Colon ca | subcutaneous | 4 | |||
| Total body | ||||||||
| 6 MV | 0.3 Gy | 4 T1 | mammary ca | mammary f.p. | 7 | VEGFR | (Sofia Vala et al., 2010) | |
| 6 MV | 0.3 Gy | MOLT4 | leukemia | intravenous | 5 | |||
| Tumor | ||||||||
| 220 kV | 10 Gy | R18 | Melanoma | intradermal | 1.6b | O2/uPAR | (Rofstad et al., 2004) | |
| 250 kV | 2 × 4 Gy | U251 | glioma | intracranial | > 1d | MMP2 | (Badiga et al., 2011) | |
| 60Co | 5 × 10 Gy | C6L | glioma | subcutaneous | > 1a | EMT | (Park et al., 2012) | |
| nm | 5 × 2 Gy | FCT133 | Thyroid ca | subcutaneous | 1.6 | PI3K | (Burrows et al., 2013) | |
| nm | 20 Gy | 4 T1 | mammary ca | mammary f.p. | 5e | (Vilalta et al., 2014) | ||
| 6 MeV | 2 Gy | SW480 | Colon ca | intracolonic | > 1a | (Timaner et al., 2015) | ||
| X-rays | 15 × 2 Gy | SGC7901 | Gastric ca | subcutaneous | 2 | (Zhang et al., 2015a) | ||
Scores indicate the metastasis in the lungs unless indicated as: a, lung and other metastases; b, lymph node metastasis; c, circulating tumor cells (CTC); d, Local invasion; e, self-seeding from an unirradiated heterolateral breast tumor to an irradiated recipient one. Scores represent metastasis after administration of radiation relative to control mice (Ir/Ctrl). Abbreviations; avb3, integrin; CAF, cancer-associated fibroblasts; C-ion, carbon-ions; Ca, carcinoma; CAF, cancer-associated fibroblasts; CCL2, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2; CM, conditioned medium; Co, cobalt; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; Cs, cesium; CTC, circulating tumor cells; CXCL12, C-X-C motif chemokine 12; CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; CYR61, Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61; EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; f.p., fat pad; Gy, gray; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; IGFR, insulin-like growth factor receptor; IL, interleukin; KITL, tyrosine-kinase receptor encoded by the KIT locus, also known as stem cell factor; Met, tyrosine-protein kinase Met; MMP, matrix metalloproteinases; nm, not mentioned; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Ras, small GTPase encoded by the RAS gene; sa, sarcoma; TGF-b, transforming growth factor beta; uPAR, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth receptor