Fig 2.

(top) Average flight response distances for individual elk in periods before, during, and after a 90 day aversive conditioning period. Low frequency is defined as 3–5 total aversive conditioning treatments, high frequency as 6–9 total treatments. Difference between before and during flight responses is the conditioned change", and difference between during and after flight responses is recidivism. Effect sizes for these behavioural changes, and the overall change from before to after, are shown in the bottom panel of the figure.