Table 3.
Quantification of metabolites of naringenin and hesperetin in the urine after the ingestion of 250 mL ECG extract containing glycosides of naringenin (346 μmol), and hesperetin (0.08 μmol).
| No. | Metabolites (nmol) a | 0–4 h | 4–8 h | 8–12 h | 12–24 h | 24–36 h | 36–48 h | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1 | Naringenin | 26.4 ± 8.5 | 276 ± 62 | 227 ± 39 | 182 ± 61 | 13.5 ± 6.1 | <LD b | 725 ± 80 |
| M2 | Naringenin-4′,7-O-diglucuronide | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 7.2 ± 2.5 | 146 ± 46 | 32.3 ± 6.1 | <LD | <LD | 186 ± 50 |
| M3 | Naringenin-5,7-O-diglucuronide | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 228 ± 92 | 124 ± 20 | 26.1 ± 8.5 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | <LD | 382 ± 109 |
| M4 | Naringenin-4′,5-O-diglucuronide | <LD | 22.0 ± 9.8 | 7.9 ± 3.0 | <LD | <LD | <LD | 29.9 ± 12.8 |
| M5 | Naringenin-O-glucoside-O-sulfate | <LD | <LD | 7.4 ± 2.2 | <LD | <LD | <LD | 7.4 ± 2.2 |
| M6 | Naringenin-O-glucoside-O-sulfate | <LD | 328 ± 104 | 329 ± 68 | 119 ± 46 | 13.4 ± 6.0 | <LD | 789 ± 126 |
| M7 | Naringenin-O-glucoside-O-glucuronide | <LD | 295 ± 92 | 242 ± 34 | 80.1 ± 29.7 | 7.1 ± 3.2 | <LD | 624 ± 109 |
| M8 | Naringenin-O-glucuronide-O-sulfate | <LD | 429 ± 174 | 221 ± 24 | 55.9 ± 19.7 | 7.1 ± 3.2 | <LD | 713 ± 179 |
| M9 | Naringenin-4′-O-sulfate | <LD | 93.1 ± 26.8 | 114 ± 19 | 20.0 ± 6.9 | 3.0 ± 1.3 | <LD | 230 ± 22 |
| M10 | Naringenin-7-O-sulfate | <LD | 73.4 ± 19.2 | 86.0 ± 15.4 | 15.8 ± 6.1 | <LD | <LD | 175 ± 20 |
| M11 | Naringenin-5-O-glucuronide | <LD | 26.8 ± 10.2 | 18.3 ± 2.2 | 5.2 ± 1.7 | <LD | <LD | 50.4 ± 10.9 |
| M12 | Naringenin-7-O-glucuronide | 43.8 ± 6.8 | 3113 ± 860 | 2564 ± 302 | 829 ± 283 | 87.4 ± 32.3 | 5.8 ± 2.6 | 8296 ± 986 |
| M13 | Naringenin-4′-O-glucuronide | 62.2 ± 8.9 | 3590 ± 885 | 3450 ± 344 | 1068 ± 322 | 115 ± 33 | 10.1 ± 3.0 | 6643 ± 806 |
| Total naringenin metabolites | 134 ± 21 | 8483 ± 2303 | 7536 ± 739 | 2434 ± 785 | 249 ± 85 | 15.8 ± 5.3 | 18852 ± 2370 | |
| % Recovery | 0.039 ± 0.006 | 2.45 ± 0.67 | 2.18 ± 0.21 | 0.70 ± 0.23 | 0.072 ± 0.025 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 5.45 ± 0.68 | |
| M14 | Hesperetin-3′-O-glucuronide | <LD | 2.8 ± 1.2 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | <LD | <LD | <LD | 4.5 ± 2.0 |
| M15 | Hesperetin-7-O-glucuronide | 3.9 ± 1.8 | 7.0 ± 3.1 | 15.0 ± 1.9 | 2.8 ± 1.2 | <LD | <LD | 28.7 ± 5.7 |
| M16 | Hesperetin -7-O-sulfate | <LD | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 4.1 ± 0.8 | <LD | <LD | <LD | 5.6 ± 0.6 |
| M17 | Hesperetin-3′-O-sulfate | <LD | 1.5 ± 0.7 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | <LD | <LD | 8.1 ± 1.6 |
| Total hesperetin metabolites | 3.9 ± 1.8 | 12.8 ± 5.7 | 25.8 ± 2.7 | 4.4 ± 1.3 | <LD | <LD | 47.0 ± 9.5 | |
| % Recovery | 4.9 ± 2.2 | 16.0 ± 7.2 | 32.2 ± 3.4 | 5.6 ± 1.6 | <LD | <LD | 58.7 ± 11.9 |
a Data expressed as mean ± standard error (n = 5). b <LD (limit of detection).