Table 2.
List of the grape varieties used for making the wine samples. A and B represent different fermentation replicates. A brief description of the grape varieties, pH values, and the absolute concentrations of glycerol, lactic acid, and ethanol, as measured by the WineScan instrument in the wine samples, are reported. Absolute concentrations are expressed as g/L or % volume (ethanol). (L.): Grapes form plants treated with LalVigne Mature at veraison; (Y.): Grapes from young plants.
| Grape Variety | Description | Wine Samples | pH | Glycerol (g/L) | Lactic Acid (g/L) | Ethanol (% vol.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acolon | ‘Acolon’ is a German wine grape variety created in 1971 by crossing ‘Lemberger’ (‘Blau Fränkisch’) and ‘Dornfelder’. Medium to large clusters and berries. It ripens early and produces a very colour-intensive wine with mild tannins. | A | 3.56 | 7.58 | 2.14 | 11.58 |
| B | 3.55 | 7.33 | 2.20 | 11.43 | ||
| Baco Noir | ‘Baco Noir’ is a hybrid grape variety produced in France in 1902 by crossing a French variety of Vitis vinifera named ‘Folle blanche’ and the native American Vitis riparia. Medium clusters with small berries. Wines made from ‘Baco Noir’ are known to be rustic, wild, and great for staining teeth because of their heavy pigment. | A | 3.35 | 5.22 | 4.04 | 9.53 |
| B | 3.39 | 5.36 | 3.98 | 9.53 | ||
| Bolero | ‘Bolero’ is an interspecific wine grape variety created in Germany in 1982. It is a cross between (‘Rotberger’ × ‘Reichensteiner’) and ’Chancellor’ grapes. It has Vitis rupestris in its pedigree. Large clusters and berries. It ripens quite early and produces a ruby red wine, harmonious on the palate with medium tannins. | A | 3.64 | 5.15 | 1.88 | 9.14 |
| B | 3.70 | 5.69 | 2.01 | 10.04 | ||
| A (L.) | 3.56 | 5.23 | 1.82 | 9.02 | ||
| B (L.) | 3.42 | 4.65 | 1.63 | 8.33 | ||
| Cabernet Cantor | ‘Cabernet Cantor’ is an interspecific red grape created in 1989 by crossing the grape varieties ‘Chancellor’, ‘Merzling’, ‘Zarya Severa’, and ‘Muscat Ottonel’. It gives a wine with dark berry and black pepper flavour, which is soft but rich in extract and phenolic compounds. | A | 3.89 | 7.40 | 1.21 | 11.00 |
| B | 3.88 | 7.50 | 1.22 | 10.91 | ||
| Cabernet Cortis | ‘Cabernet Cortis’ is a dark-skinned interspecific grape variety. It was bred in Germany in 1982 by crossing ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Solaris’. Medium-sized clusters and small to medium berries. It ripens relatively early and produces colourful and tannic wines with vegetal characters, which are very herby on the palate, rich in extract, and contains phenolic compounds. | A | 3.78 | 7.27 | 2.34 | 11.81 |
| B | 3.81 | 7.57 | 2.22 | 12.38 | ||
| Cabaret Noir | ‘Cabaret Noir’ is an interspecific grape variety created in Switzerland by the breeder V. Blattner in 1991 by crossing ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ with an interspecific resistant cultivar. Clusters and berries are small. Produces a wine with cabernet character. | A | 4.00 | 7.71 | 1.81 | 12.26 |
| B | 4.07 | 8.03 | 1.84 | 12.65 | ||
| Don Muscat | ‘Don Muscat’ is a Russian cultivar. The genetic origin is unknown to us, but we believe it to be interspecific. It produces a light red wine, very rich in flowery, and fruity muscat flavours. | A | 3.93 | 5.62 | 2.78 | 9.22 |
| B | 3.99 | 5.95 | 2.88 | 9.41 | ||
| Eszter | ‘Eszter’ is an interspecific cultivar created in Hungary in 1969 by crossing ‘Eger 2’ and ‘Magaracsi’. It has Vitis berlandieri in its pedigree. It produces a light fruity aromatic wine. | A | 3.79 | 7.81 | 1.60 | 11.24 |
| B | 3.80 | 7.92 | 1.60 | 11.34 | ||
| Frühburgunder | ‘Frühburgunder’, known also as ‘Pinot Noir Précoce’, is the early ripening version of ‘Pinot Noir’. Clusters are small and tight with small berries. It is an old cultivar mutation likely to originate in France. It gives a light coloured soft and velvet Pinot style wine characterised by a fruity spicy aroma. | A | 4.04 | 8.29 | 1.96 | 12.66 |
| B | 4.12 | 8.25 | 2.09 | 12.57 | ||
| Golubok | ‘Golubok’ is a cultivar originating from Ukraine. The genetic background is unknown to us. Clusters and berries are medium sized. In this grape, the colour pigment is not only located in the skin, but a significant amount of pigment is also present in the pulp. This results in a deep, rich, dark, almost black colour and a unique flavour. | A | 4.07 | 8.40 | 2.32 | 10.57 |
| B | 4.04 | 8.51 | 2.26 | 10.73 | ||
| Lemberger | ‘Lemberger’ (or ‘Blau Fränkisch’) is an old cultivar assumed to origin in Austria or Franconia in Germany. ‘Heunisch’ is proven to be one of the parents. The tight clusters and berries are medium sized. It produces a well coloured fruity wine with dark berry flavours with a bit spicy character. The wines are well balanced with a good soft tannin structure. | A | 3.47 | 7.83 | 2.00 | 11.52 |
| B | 3.45 | 8.04 | 2.01 | 11.74 | ||
| Leon Millot | ‘Léon Millot’ is an old French hybrid created in 1911 in Alsace by crossing the hybrid grape ‘Millardet et Grasset’ (Vitis riparia × Vitis rupestris) with ‘Goldriesling’, which is a Vitis vinifera variety. The relatively early ripening makes it particularly suited for cultivation in cool climates. Clusters and berries are small. Common aromatic and flavour profiles for ‘Leon Millot’ include earthy, barnyard, woody notes, purple fruits, and chocolate. | A | 4.15 | 7.87 | 1.95 | 11.59 |
| B | 4.20 | 7.81 | 2.06 | 11.51 | ||
| Monarch | ‘Monarch’ is an interspecific grape variety breed in Germany in 1988. It is a crossing of ‘Solaris’ and ‘Dornfelder’. From Solaris it has several Vitis species in its pedigree. It produces a light fruity wine with red and dark berry flavours. | A | 3.42 | 6.04 | 1.74 | 9.53 |
| B | 3.45 | 6.03 | 1.75 | 9.54 | ||
| Nero | ‘Nero’ is an interspecific cultivar originating in Hungary. It was created in 1965 by crossing (‘Medoc Noir’ x ‘Perle von Csaba’) and (‘S.C 12375’ × ‘Gárdonyi’). Clusters and berries are medium to large and may be used as table grape. It produces a light aromatic wine with red berry flavours with a little muscat character. | A | 3.78 | 7.63 | 2.10 | 11.91 |
| B | 3.76 | 7.68 | 2.09 | 11.87 | ||
| New York Muscat | ‘New York Muscat’ is a cultivar made in US at Cornell University by crossing ‘Muscat Hamburg’ and ‘Ontario’. Clusters and berries are medium in size and may be enjoyed as table grape. It produces a deep red very aromatic wine with floral muscat flavours. | A | 3.86 | 5.94 | 2.07 | 10.37 |
| B | 3.90 | 6.01 | 2.07 | 10.25 | ||
| Précose Noir | ‘Précose Noir’ is an old French hybrid from the same breeding as ‘Triomphe d’Alsace. Clusters and berries are small to medium. Produces a medium dark red light bodied wine with dark berries and spicy aromas. | A | 3.90 | 7.21 | 2.90 | 11.42 |
| B | 3.88 | 7.20 | 2.89 | 11.39 | ||
| Reberger | ‘Reberger’ is an interspecific grape variety that was breed in Germany in 1986 by crossing the ‘Regent’ and ’Lemberger’ (‘Blau Fränkisch’). The loose clusters and berries are medium sized. It produces a light fruity wine with a tannic/phenolic character. | A | 3.83 | 7.44 | 2.20 | 12.03 |
| B | 3.70 | 7.17 | 2.11 | 11.73 | ||
| Regent | ‘Regent’ is an interspecific grape variety created in Germany in 1967 by crossing ‘Diana’ (‘Silvaner’ × ‘Müller-Thurgau’) with the hybrid ‘Chambourcin’. Clusters are relatively loose medium in size with small to medium berries. It gives colourful and tannic wines and shows aromas of cherries or black currants with peppery notes. | A | 3.89 | 7.39 | 2.19 | 12.22 |
| B | 3.88 | 7.45 | 2.15 | 12.23 | ||
| Rondo | ‘Rondo’ is an interspecific variety created in 1964 in then-Czechoslovakia by crossing ‘Zarya Severa’ × ‘St. Laurent’. It is characterised by a very early ripening which make it particularly suitable for cultivation in cool climates. Clusters and berries are medium sized. ‘Rondo’ produces a very dark red wine with dark berry and woody aromas. | A | 3.81 | 8.18 | 1.52 | 11.67 |
| B | 3.73 | 8.15 | 1.32 | 11.75 | ||
| A (L.) | 3.75 | 8.30 | 1.75 | 11.30 | ||
| B (L.) | 3.83 | 8.30 | 1.83 | 11.41 | ||
| A (Y.) | 3.73 | 8.03 | 1.78 | 11.87 | ||
| B (Y.) | 3.77 | 8.08 | 1.85 | 11.84 | ||
| Titan | ‘Titan’ is a cultivar developed at the research station in Eger in Hungary. The genetic origins is unknown to us, but believe it to be interspecific. The berries are characterised by coloured flesh resulting in a very dark almost black wine. Clusters and berries are medium in size. The wine has good dark berry flavours and rich good phenolic structure. | A | 3.92 | 8.18 | 2.13 | 10.85 |
| B | 3.93 | 8.13 | 2.09 | 10.85 | ||
| Triomphe d’Alsace | ‘Triomphe d’Alsace’ is an interspecific grape variety that was produced in France in 1911 by crossing the American grape species Vitis riparia with Vitis rupestris. The resultant hybrid was then crossed with ‘Goldriesling’ (Vitis vinifera). Clusters and berries are small. It produces a medium dark red light bodied wine with dark berries and spicy aromas. Quite similar to ‘Prècose Noir’. | A | 3.70 | 6.33 | 3.16 | 10.89 |
| B | 3.76 | 6.83 | 3.11 | 11.43 | ||
| A (L.) | 3.81 | 6.76 | 2.95 | 11.33 | ||
| B (L.) | 3.63 | 6.34 | 2.95 | 11.00 | ||
| Vinoslivy | ’Vinoslivy’ is an interspecific cultivar breed in Ukraine in 1958 by crossing ‘Getsh’ with (‘Muscat Hamburg’ × Vitis amurensis). It is very early ripening and accumulates relatively high sugar levels. The clusters and berries are small to medium. It produces a light red wine with an aroma rich in pyrazines. | A | 3.64 | 8.54 | 1.36 | 13.09 |
| B | 3.61 | 8.42 | 1.37 | 12.92 | ||
| Average | 3.78 | 7.23 | 2.14 | 11.16 | ||
| Max | 4.20 | 8.54 | 4.04 | 13.09 | ||
| Min | 3.35 | 4.65 | 1.21 | 8.33 |