Figure 4.

Cationisation of cellulose film by GTMAC introduced a positive charge to the surface facilitating MG-63 cell attachment, in a matrix ligand free system, whereas only minimal attachment was observed on unmodified cellulose surfaces. Electric force microscopy revealed the cationic cellulose had a positive surface charge compared to the negatively charged native cellulose. Interestingly only a low level of ~1.4% degree of substitution was required to induce this effect. After 24 h incubation at 37 °C in 5% CO₂ greater cell elongation occurred in on the cationic scaffolds compared to the unmodified cellulose. Reproduced with permission from Courtenay et al., 2017 [92], Copyright © 2016, Springer Nature.