Table 2.

Major ITCs showing antibacterial activity and mechanism of action.

ITCs	ITCs Source	Sensible Bacterial	Mechanism of Action	Reference
Sulforaphane SFN	broccoli seed extract	H. pylori	NA	[43]
Sulforaphane SFN	Synthetic	P. aeruginosa, EHEC E. coli strains, S. aureus	SFN inhibits bacterial quorum sensing, affects the pyocyanin production and exerts anti-biofilm activity against P. aeruginosa. SFN inhibits EHEC E. coli Shiga toxin production.	[44,45,46]
Phenethyl isothiocyanate PEITC	Sinapis alba seed	C. difficile ATCC 9689 and C. perfringens ATCC 13124	PEITC mechanism of action against Clostridia species appears to be correlated with aromatic structure.	[47]
	Synthetic	P. aeruginosa; S. aureus, E. coli CECT 434	PEITC affects E. coli CECT 434, P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145, S. aureus CECT 976 cellular membrane integrity. PEITC reduce P. aeruginosa biofilm development.	[46,48,49,50,51]
Benzyl isothiocyanate BITC	Salvadora persica root	S. enterica serotype Typhimurium	Essential oil rich in BITC, induces the loss of bacterial membrane integrity.	[52]
Benzyl isothiocyanate BITC	Synthetic	C. difficile; C. perfringens; C. jejuni; EHEC E. coli; P. aeruginosa; S. aureus	BITC inhibits EHEC E. coli Shiga toxin production. BITC induces the loss of MRSA membrane integrity and potential. BITC influences C.jejuni redox balance and metabolism up to death. BITC mechanism of action against Clostridia species appears to be correlated with aromatic structure. BITC reduces the metabolic activity of P. aeruginosa into the mature biofilm	[45,46,47,48,50,51,53,54]
Allyl isothiocyanate AITC	Wasabia japonica	E. coli O157:H7; S.aureus	NA	[55]
Allyl isothiocyanate AITC	Synthetic	C. jejuni E. coli O157:H7; E. coli CECT 434 P. aeruginosa; S. aureus	AITC affectes E. coli O157: H7 cell membrane integrity. AITC displays inhibitory action against thioredoxin reductase and acetate kinase of E. coli O157:H7 interacting with the sulfhydryl groups of the enzymes. AITC inhibites EHEC E. coli Shiga toxin production. AITC affects E. coli CECT 434, P. aeruginosa ATCC 10145, S. aureus CECT 976 cellular membrane integrity.AITC aliphatic structure impares its ability to counteract MRSA growth compared to the other ITCs. AITC reduces the metabolic activity of P. aeruginosa into the mature biofilm.	[45,48,49,51,53,55,56,57]
Erucin ERN	Synthetic	P. aeruginosa; S. aureus	ERN inhibits P. aeruginosa quorum sensing nd affects the production of pyocyanin.	[44,46]
Iberin IBN	Armoracia rusticana	P. aeruginosa	IBN inhibits P.aeruginosa quorum sensing and affects the production of pyocyanin and rhamnolipid	[58]
Iberin IBN	Synthetic	S. aureus	NA	[46]
	Moringa peregrina seed extract	S. enterica isolates including MDR strains	Moringa peregrina aqueous seed extract induces the loss of cell wall integrity membrane potential.	[59]
	Moringa oleifera leaf extract	E. coli, P. aeruginosa S. aureus	NA	[60,61,62,63]
	Moringa oleifera bark extract	S. aureus, S. enterica	NA	[64,65]
	Moringa oleifera seed extract	S. aureus, S. enetrica	NA	[66,67]
Moringin MGN	Moringa oleifera seed extract	S. aureus	NA	[30,68]
	Moringa stenopetala seed extract	S. enterica	NA	[67]