Table 1.

Key enzymes involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis.

Enzyme Name	Source	Accession No.	Reference
HMG-CoA reductase (PqHMGR2)	P. ginseng	JX648390	[13]
HMG-CoA reductase (PqHMGR)	P. quinquefolius	FJ755158	[12]
HMG-CoA reductase (PnHMGR2)	P. notoginseng	AKP55621	[14]
farnesyl diphosphate synthase (PgFPS)	P. ginseng	DQ087959	[15]
farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS)	P. notoginseng	KC953034	[19]
squalene synthase (PgSS1)	P. ginseng	AB115496	[20]
squalene synthase (PgSS2)	P. ginseng	GQ468527	[21]
squalene synthase (PgSS3)	P. ginseng	GU183406	[21]
squalene synthase (PnSS)	P. notoginseng	KC524469	[24]
squalene synthase (SS)	P. quinquefolius	AGK62446	[23]
squalene epoxidase (PgSQE1)	P. ginseng	AB122078	[25]
squalene epoxidase (PgSQE2)	P. ginseng	FJ393274	[25]
squalene epoxidase (SQE)	P. notoginseng	DQ386734	[27]
dammarenediol synthase (PNA)	P. ginseng	AB265170	[29]
dammarenediol synthase (DDS)	P. ginseng	AB122080	[30]
dammarenediol synthase (PqDDS)	P. quinquefolius	GU997679	[33]
dammarenediol synthase (PnDDS)	P. notoginseng	GU997680	[33]
dammarenediol synthase (PnDDS)	P. notoginseng	KC953035	[32]
amyrin synthase (PNY1)	P. ginseng	AB009030	[34]
cytochrome P450 (PPDS)	P. ginseng	JN604537	[36]
cytochrome P450 (PqPPDS)	P. quinquefolius	JX569336	[38]
cytochrome P450 (PnPPDS)	P. notoginseng	GU997665	[33]
cytochrome P450 (PnPPTS)	P. notoginseng	GU997666	[33]
cytochrome P450 (PPTS)	P. ginseng	JX036031	[39]
UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGTPg1)	P. ginseng	AIE12479	[43]
UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGTPg45)	P. ginseng	AKA44586	[44]
UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGTPg29)	P. ginseng	AKA44579	[44]
UDP-glucosyltransferase (PgUGT74AE2)	P. ginseng	JX898529	[45]
UDP-glucosyltransferase (PgUGT94Q2)	P. ginseng	JX898530	[45]
UDP-glucosyltransferase (Pq3-O-UGT2)	P. quinquefolius	KR106207	[47]
UDP-glucosyltransferase (YjiC1)	B. subtilis	NP389104	[50]
UDP-glucosyltransferase (BSGT1)	B. subtilis	KU500621	[51]
UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT109A1)	B. subtilis	KY952161	[52]
UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT51)	S. cerevisiae	NP013290	[53]