Table 1.

Antimicrobial effects of wattle tannin from A. mearnsii bark.

No.	Extracts	Tested Bacterial Isolates	Growth or Inhibition	Reference
1 *	Water soluble fraction (AW) from 70% acetone-water soluble extract	Coriolus versicolor Tyromyces palustris	No antifungal activity at 0.01–0.25% concentrations	[52]
	Ethyl acetate soluble fraction (EA) from 70% acetone-water soluble extract	C. versicolor T. Palustris	Very mild activities at 0.1–0.25% concentration
	Crude acetone extract	Candida krusei Candida albicans Candida rugosa Candida glabrata ATCC 2001 Absidia corymbifera Fusarium sporotrichioides Trichophyton tonsurans Trichophyton mucoides ATCC 201382 Aspergillus niger Aspergillus terreus Aspergillus flavus	MIC values were fungal isolates (625–5000) μg/mL	[53]
	Tannins	A. niger ATCC 9642 Candida sp. ATCC 14053	Weak inhibition activity	[54]
2 *	Aqueous extract	Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741 S. cerevisiae Δ gsh1	In the poisoner quantitative drop test, toxicological effects from a concentration of 4.20 mg/L	[55]
	Crude acetone extract	Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Bacillus cereus ATCC 10702 Proteus vulgaris KZN Serratia marcescens ATCC 9986 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 19582 Enterococcus faecalis KZN Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 10031 P. vulgaris CSIR 0030 Bacillus pumilus ATCC 14884 K. pneumoniae KZN Staphylococcus aureus OK1 Salmonella typhi ATCC 13311	MIC values were Gram-positive bacteria (78.1–312.5) μg/mL, Gram-negative bacteria (39.1–625) μg/mL	[53]
	Tannins	S. aureus	Strong inhibition activity	[54]
	Aqueous extract	E. coli BW13711 E. coli TA4131	No growth in 0.1% wattle tannin extract medium	[58]
		E. coli WTT1 E. coli TA4110	No growth in 0.15% wattle tannin extract medium
	Aqueous extract	E. coli BW13711 E. coli ΔBaeSR13711	Growth of the E. coli ΔBaeSR mutant reached behind stationary phase compared to that of E. coli BW13711 in the presence of tannins	[59]
	Crude methanol extract	E. coli ATCC 8739 K. pneumoniae ATCC 10031 B. pumilus ATCC 14884 P. vulgaris ATCC 6830 Acinetobacter calcoaceticus A. calcoaceticus anitratis CSIR P. vulgaris CSIR 0030 Shigella flexneri KZN S. typhi ATCC 13311 Micrococcus luteus E. faecalis KZN S. aureus OK2b S. aureus OK1 S. aureus OK3	Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were gram-negative (0.0391–0.3125) mg/mL and gram-positive bacteria (0.0781–0.625) mg/mL	[60]
	Acetone, methanol and aqueous extracts	E. coli S. aureus B. pumilus P. vulgaris S. flexneri	Extracts caused the disruption of the cytoplasmic membranes of the bacterial cells.	[61]
	Methanol extract	S. aureus ATCC 6538 E. faecalis ATCC 29212 E. faecalis ATCC 29212 E. coli ATCC 25922 Bacillus subtilis KZN P. vulgaris KZN E. faecalis KZN Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 13047 K. pneumoniae (ATCC 10031) P. vulgaris ATCC 6830 Shigella sonnei ATCC 29930	Synergetic, indifferent and antagonistic interactions were differences depending on combination between bacterial types and antibiotics agent types with the extract	[62]
3 *	Acetone extract	E. coli ATCC 25922 B. cereus ATCC 10702 P. aeruginosa ATCC 19582 S. marcescens ATCC 9986 E. faecalis KZN S. aureus ok1 S. flexneri KZN M. luteus P. vulgaris CSIR 0030 S. typhi ATCC 13311	Synergetic, additive, indifference and antagonism interactions were differences depending on combination between bacterial types and antibiotics agent types with the extract	[63]
	Tannin extract	E. coli ATCC 25922	Tannin extract is capable of reducing the counts of E. coli adhered to and under biofilm formation on lettuce leaves.	[64]
	Aqueous extract	Microcystis aeruginosa	Black wattle extract inhibits algal blooms in a short-term test and the extract maintains water quality and prevents algal blooms in a long-term test.	[65]
	Extract	M. aeruginosa	Extract damage to the ultrastructure of the algal cell and decrease algal cells and chlorophyll-a.	[66]
	Aqueous extract	M. aeruginosa	Expression of photosynthesis-related genes was remarkably reduced in the presence of the extract.	[67]

1 *: Antifungal activity, 2 *: Antibacterial activity, 3 *: Inhibitory effect on cyanobacteria.