Table 1.
Aptamers targeting cancer-related biomarkers.
| Target | Known Expressing Cancer Type | Therapeutic Applications | Aptamer/Type (nts) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MUC1 (mucin 1) | ovarian, breast, lung, pancreatic cancers, multiple myeloma etc. | Prevent cancer cell invasion through beta catenin | S2.1/DNA (25) | [60] |
| Apt/DNA (25) | [82] | |||
| HER2 (human epidermal growth factor 2) | Breast, gastric, lung, colorectal, esophageal, ovarian cancers, etc. | Inhibition of tumorigenic signaling via MAPK, PI3K, PKC and STAT pathways | HB5/DNA (86) | [61] |
| Apt/DNA (31) | [83] | |||
| HER3 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 3) | Breast, lung, gastric, prostate, ovarian, pancreatic cancers etc. | Reduction of drug resistance in HER2+ cancer | A30/RNA (49) | [62] |
| EpCAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule) | Bladder, breast, colon, lung, ovarian, pancreas, prostate cancers, etc. | Regulate gene expression of c-myc, e-fabp, cyclin, and modulate EMT | SYL3/DNA (80) | [63] |
| Apt/RNA (18) | [84] | |||
| EpDT3-DY647/RNA (19) | [66] | |||
| NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) | Cervical, prostate, lung, breast cancers, etc. | Inhibit the genes that control cell proliferation and cell survival | Apt/RNA (29) | [85] |
| ARGO100/DNA (26) | [64] | |||
| PSMA (prostate specific membrane antigen) | Prostate, kidney, bladder cancers, etc. | Prevent hydrolysis of N-acetylaspartyl-glutamate for over-proliferation | xPSM-A10/RNA (40) | [64,78] |
| Apt/DNA (32) | [86,87] | |||
| CD44 | Breast, prostate, and cancer stem cells, etc. | Inhibit cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and angiogenesis | TA1/DNA (30) | [67,88] |
| PD-1 (programmed death-1) | Colon cancer, carcinoma, etc. | Inhibiting immune response to cancer cells | MP5, MP7/DNA (75) | [68] |
| CD137 (4-1BB) | Prostate cancer etc. | Stimulating immune response to cancer | PSMA-4-1BB/RNA (293) | [69] |
| CD134 (OX40) | Melanoma tumor etc. | Stimulating immune response to cancer | Aptamer 9.8/RNA (80) | [70] |
| PDGF (platelet derived growth factor) | Ovarian, breast, thyroid, cervical, lung cancers, etc. | Inhibit tumor angiogenesis and development | 36t/DNA (39) | [71,89] |
| VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor | Breast, brain, lung, colon, gastric, pancreatic, melanoma, myeloid, leukemia, etc. | Prevent neovascularization | NX-191/RNA (24) | [72] |
| NX-213/RNA (24) | [90] | |||
| Vap7, V7t1/DNA (25) | [91,92] | |||
| NCL (Nucleolin) | Leukemia, gastric, breast cancers etc. | Induce bcl-2 mRNA instability | AS1411/DNA (26) | [74] |