Table 4.

Summary of strategies to counteract lignocellulose-derived inhibitors released during pretreatment process.

Strategy	Main Effect	Considerations	Reference
Biomass selection and modification	Screen adequate feedstock and/or engineering which produce less undesirable compounds	A range of suitable agricultural residues, requiring time for selection and engineering	[127,128,129,130]
Detoxification/conditioning	Chemical supplementation, i.e., alkaline, BSA, polymers	Chemical needs, additional process may be required	[33,34,131,132,133]
Biological detoxification	Use microbes	Time consuming, loss of sugars	[19,84,85,134,135,136]
Adaptation of microbes	Adaptive evolution of specific microbe in the inhibitory environment	May not be applied to other feedstock, pretreatment conditions	[137,138]
Genetic/metabolic engineering	Use genetically modified microbes to lignocellulosic hydrolysates	Require following the genetically modified micro-organisms (GMM) process	[139,140,141]