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Mechanism of ATV effects on MCAO injury. Potential neuroprotective mechanisms of ATV pretreatment for permanent middle artery occlusion through downregulation of the ER stress-related pathways PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 and IRE-1/NF-κB by enhancing autophagy flux. Compounds such as 3MA that inhibit autophagic activity will reduce the neuroprotective effect of ATV after brain ischemia.
