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. 2018 Jun 25;9:2455. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04785-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Arousal level determines the direction and carrier frequency of thalamo-cortical causal interaction. a Spectrally resolved Granger causality shows the carrier frequencies of directed interaction from LP/Pulvinar to PPC (magenta), and PPC to LP/Pulvinar (green, ±SEM). LP/Pulvinar has a causal influence on PPC in the theta and alpha frequency bands. In the opposing direction, PPC has a causal influence on LP/Pulvinar in the alpha band. b Granger causality was measured for time periods where the pupil diameter was small (<25%, dark blue) and large (>25%, light blue), respectively. Data were subsampled to match power distributions between conditions. The causal influence of PPC alpha oscillations on LP/Pulvinar was significantly stronger during small pupil diameter epochs (left plot, P = 0.018, t-test). In contrast, the causal influence of LP/Pulvinar theta oscillations on PPC was significantly greater during large pupil diameter epochs (right plot, P = 0.0015, t-test)