Table 2.
Mechanical properties of various fruit and nut shells.
| Fruit shell | Reduced modulus Er (GPa) | Hardness H (MPa) |
Yield strength (MPa) |
Density (g/cm3) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cocoyol (Acrocomia mexicana) |
9.1 ± 1.28a | 310 ± 59a 290 ± 25b |
87.3 ± 12.2 | 1.25 ± 0.03 |
| Macadamia (Macadamia ternifolia) | 8.5 ± 0.08a26 | 540 ± 40a26 180 ± 30b34 |
84 ± 935 | 1.2734 |
| Scheelea sp. | 3.80 ± 0.99b71 | 271.5 ± 74.7b71 | — | — |
| Oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis) |
2.46 ± 1.04b71 | 126.3 ± 20.6b71 | 12 ± 1.9872 | 1.1472 |
| Coconut palm tree (Cocos nucifera) | 3.52 ± 0.56c73 | 116 ± 10c73 | — | 1.05–1.2074 |
aNanoindentation hardness. bVickers hardness. cSpherical indenter.