Table 1.
Cognitive deficits identified in meta-analyses across major psychiatric disorders.
| Schizophrenia [37] |
Bipolar (Euthymic) [38] |
MDD (Euthymic) [38] |
PTSD [39] |
ADHD [40] |
SUD-cocaine [41] |
SUD-opiate [42] |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking Prevalence | 44-88% | 55-70% | 40-60% | 40-50% | ~40% | 70-80% | >90% |
| Cognitive Domains | |||||||
| Executive functioning | L | S | M | M | M | ||
| Working memory | L | S | M | M | M | M | |
| Attention/vigilance | L | M | L | ||||
| Episodic memory | L | ||||||
| Visual memory | M | M | |||||
| Verbal memory | M | M | S | M | |||
| Language | L | M | M | L | |||
| Cognitive impulsivity | M | ||||||
| Sensory-perceptual | M | S | |||||
| Processing speed | S | M | |||||
L = large effect size (d > 0.8)
M = moderate effect size (0.8 > d ≥ 0.5)
S = small effect size (0.5 > d ≥ 0.2)